OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUSE GOOD: it deals with the overt behavior of person in appropriate situation. Not haphazard. Scientific observation of behavior is systematic. It is quantitative. Immediately. Expert job. Result can be checked.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION CONTROLLED OBSERVATION. UNCONTROLLED OBSERVATION. STANDARDIZED OBSERVATION. NATURAL OBSERVATION.

STEPS OF OBSERVATION SELECTION OF VARIOUS ASPETS OF BEHAVIOURFOR OBSERVATION MAKING CLEAR THE MEANING OF SELECTED BEHAVIOUR TRAINING OF OBSERVER. QUANTIFYING OBSERVATION. REPORT WRITING.

PRINCIPALES OF OBSERVATION OBSERVE THE WHOLE SITUATION. OBSERVE STUDENTS IN ROUTINE ACTIVITIES. OBSERVATION OVER A LONG PERIOD.

MERITS Reliable & Objective. Natural Setting. Useful for young & shy children. NO need for equipment & tool. Useful for individual & groups. Immediate Detection of problems.

LIMITATIONS Subjectivity Less accuracy Interference Objective Recording Lack of competency. Unnatural situation. Expensive. Slow & labories.

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RATING SCALES WRIGHT STONE : “ Rating scale is a selected list of Words, Phrases, Sentences or paragraphs following which an observer records a value or rating based upon some objective scale of values”. A.S.Barr: “Rating is a term applied or judgment regarding some situation, object or character. Options are usually expressed on scale values. Rating techniques are devices by which judgments may be quantified”.

TPPES OF RATING SCALES Numerical Rating Scale 1 2 3 4 5 Graphic Rating scale -------------------------------------- Never Seldom frequently always occasionally

Descriptive graphic Rating Scale: ---------------------------------- Never participates Quite, passive Participates as much as other group members Participates more than any other group member

SUGGESTIONS FOR RATING SCALES Numbers of gradations Statements objectively defined Instructor clear Evaluator trained & intelligent

ADVANTAGES OF RATING SCALES Acquaints with student’s working. Helps parents to know students. Student aware of shortcomings. Help administration in decision. Selecting children for admission.

DEMERITS OF RATING SCALES The error of leniency. Halo error: influenced by someone. Logic error: similarity gives same rating. Difference b/w quality of judgment.

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