THE CIVIL WAR

Review By the end of the war, ______% of Union troops were black. In what ways did blacks face discrimination in the Union army? Industries in the North prospered during the Civil War due to the mass production of ______________________. For which reasons did the Confederacy face a food shortage during the Civil War? The Union victory at ________________, MS gave the Union control over the Mississippi River. Why is the Battle of Gettysburg considered a turning point in the war in favor of the Union?

Review By the end of the war, ______% of Union troops were black. 10% In what ways did blacks face discrimination in the Union army? Paid less, poor equipment/clothes, labor assignments, lower ranks, segregated units Industries in the North prospered during the Civil War due to the mass production of ______________________. weapons For which reasons did the Confederacy face a food shortage during the Civil War? Loss of slaves Union occupation and destruction of land Union blockade of trade The Union victory at ________________, MS gave the Union control over the Mississippi River. Vicksburg Why is the Battle of Gettysburg considered a turning point in the war in favor of the Union? The Confederacy was unable to invade the North, and Union victories increased

THE CIVIL WAR ENDS

Confederate Morale Decreased By the end of 1863, Confederate morale had decreased greatly. Big defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg Low on food and supplies for the troops and civilians Increasing desertions (runaways) Lack of unity increased hostility among states NC and GA held meetings to discuss possible separate peace with Union

Grant and Sherman Seal the Deal for the Union 1864 – Lincoln appointed Ulysses S. Grant to be the head commander of the Union army. Grant appointed Tecumseh Sherman as commander of Union armies in Mississippi. Grant went to fight Lee in VA. Sherman led troops from MS to raid and destroy GA.

“Whatever happens, there will be no turning back…” Union army could afford to lose men in battle, Confederacy could not Grant vs. Lee in VA during May - June 1864 Union lost 60,000 Confederacy lost 32,000 Democrats in the North called Grant a “butcher” but Grant pushed on because he told Lincoln he would not turn back.

Total War Grant and Sherman believed total war necessary to defeat Confederacy because… Civilians grew food and made supplies on which the army relied The strength of the homefront influenced Confederate morale Union aimed to destroy resources and kill morale → crumbling of the Confederacy Total war – attacking the enemy’s society (civilians and homefront), not just military forces.

Gone with the Wind - Atlanta Burning “Sherman’s March” Nov-Dec 1864 - Following “total war” Sherman led forces through GA, SC, and NC. Burned major and minor cities in GA and SC, left complete destruction. Spared NC – one of the last states to succeed and Union believed the war would end soon.

As the War Progresses…

Election of 1864 Candidate LINCOLN FREMONT McCLELLAN Party National Union Party Radical Republicans Northern Democrats Beliefs on War Continue fighting, force Confederate surrender Harsh punishment for southern states when they re-enter Union Immediate armistice with Confederacy POTUS – Lincoln VP – Andrew Johnson Union army victories and absentee ballots from soldiers helped Lincoln win.

Richmond Falls By March 1865, Richmond was surrounded by Union troops led by Grant and Sherman. April 2, 1865 – Jefferson Davis left Richmond and set it on fire to keep Union troops from getting it

Confederate Surrender April 9, 1865 – Grant and Lee met at Appomattox Court House in VA → Lee surrendered the Confederate troops under his direct command (Army of Northern VA) to Grant. In the next few weeks, all other Confederate troops surrendered around the south. Lincoln requested that Grant propose generous surrender terms to Lee. Grant let Lee’s troops leave with their possessions, horses, and food rations. Confederate officers were allowed to keep their weapons Civil War officially over… but tensions between the North and the South will exist for a long time.

Cost of War

Cost of War

Human Cost of War

Human Cost of War

Civil War Effects - Political Increased power of the federal government Proved the federal government was stronger that state governments → no state has tried to secede again First national income tax (% of wages given directly to the federal government) First military draft – federal government made men fight for the country Lincoln used his presidential “wartime powers” Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and jailed “suspicious” people without evidence or a trial → heavily criticized for violating constitutional rights

Civil War Effects - Economic National Bank Act – 1863, laws that chartered new federal banks and set rules about their operations → tried to make investing money in the federal government safe for investors Northern economy boomed – industries produced war goods and railroad supplies, agriculture made possible with the steel plow Southern economy suffered – plantation system destroyed by loss of slaves and destruction of land HUGE economic gap between North and South would last for decades

Civil War Effects - Social December 6, 1865 – ratification of the 13th Amendment – officially abolished slavery What would be in the future for millions of newly freed people? Soldiers returned to civilian life and many experienced PTSD due to combat. American Red Cross – founded 1881 by Clara Barton organization dedicated to the medical care of the sick or wounded in wars and natural disasters

Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 Lincoln and wife watching play in Ford’s Theatre in DC → shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth Confederate sympathizer, organized a conspiracy with the intent of killing Lincoln, Johnson (VP), and Seward (Sec. of State) Lincoln killed, Johnson unharmed, Seward attacked but survived Lincoln died that night → 1st POTUS assassinated Booth found and shot on April 26, 1865.

Final Thoughts… The Civil War is over, but the pieces of the nation needed to be put back together. The man responsible for reassembling the Union has been assassinated, proving that tensions between the North and South will continue to exist. How will the Union restore the southern states? How much punishment, if any, is necessary? How will the reborn country integrate 4 million newly freed people into national life?