Social Psychology AP Psychology Essential Task: Describe processes that contribute to differential treatment of group members with specific attention to attraction, altruism, aggression, in-group/out-group dynamics, ethnocentrism, prejudice. Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Social Psychology Conformity Compliance Schema Attraction Attribution Attitudes and Persuasion Impact of Others on You Group Behavior Fundamental Attribution Error Self-Serving Bias Just-World Hypothesis Individualistic vs. Collectivistic Culture Schema Conformity Compliance Group Polarization Group Think In-Group/Out-Group Attraction Cognitive Dissonance Routes to Persuasion We are here

Essential Task: Outline In group bias Treatment of Group Members Attraction Out group bias Altruism Ethnocentrism Proximity Exchange Similarity Physical Attractiveness Intimacy

Interpersonal Attraction Attraction is closely linked to: Proximity Physical attractiveness Similarity Exchange Intimacy

Psychology of Attraction Proximity: Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction (mere exposure effect). A rare white penguin born in a zoo was accepted after 3 weeks by other penguins just due to proximity. OBJECTIVE 23| Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attractions. Rex USA

Proximity Leads to Liking Moreland & Beach, 1992 IV: Four female confederates attended large class 0, 5, 10, or 15 times DV: How much liked slides of confederate at end of semester Results: The more times confederate attended the class, the more she was liked.

Proximity Leads to Liking

Psychology of Attraction Physical Attractiveness: Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance. Hatfield et al. (1966) Couples randomly paired at “computer dance” Assessed personality, aptitude, physical attractiveness Results: Only physical attractiveness predicted liking and wanting to see the person again. (True for men and women.)

Physical Attractiveness Bias to like children who are attractive Dion (1972) IV: mild vs. severe misbehavior IV: attractive or unattractive photo of child DV: Rate typicality of behavior Results: Severe misbehavior rated more typical when performed by an ___________child than an __________child.

Is Attractiveness Objective? Arguments for Objective Standard High consensus across countries, race/ethnicities Agree on attractiveness of faces and body types (F: hourglass; M: v-shaped) Particular features are associated with attractiveness F: large eyes, prominent cheekbones, small nose, wide smile M: broad jaw, large eyes, prominent cheekbones, wide smile Babies look longer at faces rated as attractive by adults (less likely to be affected by cultural standards)

Is Attractiveness Subjective? Arguments for Subjective Standard Cross-cultural differences in ways to look beautiful Face painting, plastic surgery, scarring, piercings, etc. Variations in preference for female body size

Subjective? Standards of beauty/body type within a culture change over time Marilyn Monroe versus Kiera Knightley

Attractiveness Standards Probably both universal and variable components of attractiveness Overall, physical attractiveness predicts more positive evaluations (true in childhood and later in life)

Psychology of Attraction Similarity: Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen. Finding others who agree with us strengthens our convictions and boosts our self-esteem Opposites don’t attract – they don’t even meet Complementary Traits – you complete me

Psychology of Attraction 4. Exchange: The give and take of a relationship. Social Exchange Theory explains how we feel about a relationship with another person as depending on our perceptions of: The balance between what we put into the relationship and what we get out of it. The kind of relationship we deserve. Contrast Effect – seeing something ‘better’ makes us temporarily devalue what we’ve got

Psychology of Attraction 5. Intimacy: closeness and trust achieved through communication Must be mutual Can’t be too much too soon (sets an unrealistic standard that cannot be maintained)

Pairing Game Matching Hypothesis or Similarity Principle Contrast Effect Social Exchange Theory Commitment can override the preference for alternatives.

Matching in Physical Attractiveness People tend to pair with partners who are about as physically attractive as they are. Predicts success of relationship (more similar in attractiveness, more likely to stay together) However, women who marry less attractive men are shown to rate their marriage as more satisfying.

In-Group Bias In-Group Bias is a simple, but powerful concept. It is the tendency to favor one’s own group. Not one particular group, but whatever group you are associated with at that particular time If we believe someone else is in the same group to which we belong, we will have positive views of them We build our self esteem through belonging, and the presence of someone from the same group reminds of us belonging Ex: You side with the sports team that you like Outline

Out-Group Bias When we categorize people as being part of our own group, they are part of our "in-group"; while others are part of the "out-group“ We view members of the out-group as less similar, causing us to have biases against them. Therefore, the out-group bias includes negative views about people that aren't in our in-group Example: Warriors fans hate Lebron, because he is not a Warrior

Altruism Altruism is the unselfish behaviors or actions done for someone else Example: If you volunteer at a nursing home, you are helping someone else without receiving any benefits “Selfless good deed”

Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a belief that your society, group, or culture is superior to others This can mean that differences in groups are seen as somehow bad

Prejudice Simply called “prejudgment,” a prejudice is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice is often directed towards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups. Components of Prejudice OBJECTIVE 13| Identify three components of prejudice. Beliefs (stereotypes) Emotions (hostility, envy, fear) Predisposition to act (discrimination)

Reign of Prejudice Prejudice works at both the conscious and [more at] the unconscious level. Therefore, prejudice is often more like a knee-jerk response than a conscious decision

How Prejudiced are People? Over the duration of time many prejudices against interracial marriage, gender, homosexuality, and minorities have decreased: OBJECTIVE 14| Contrast overt and subtle forms of prejudice, and give examples of each.

Racial & Gender Prejudice Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice, but prejudices still exist.

Social Roots of Prejudice Why does prejudice arise? Social Inequalities Social Divisions Emotional Scapegoating Need to categorize OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss the social factors that contribute to prejudice.

Social Divisions Ingroup: People with whom one shares a common identity. Outgroup: Those perceived as different from one’s ingroup. Ingroup Bias: The tendency to favor one’s own group. Mike Hewitt/ Getty Images Scotland’s famed “Tartan Army” fans.

Emotional Roots of Prejudice Prejudice provides an outlet for anger [emotion] by providing a scapegoat to blame. This can often be perpetuated by authority figures or government using emotion to perpetuate an idea Ex: ‘Reason and Emotion’ OBJECTIVE 16| Explain how Scapegoating illustrates the emotional component of prejudice.

Cognitive Roots of Prejudice One way we simplify our world is to categorize; we often categorize people into groups by stereotyping them. In vivid cases such as the 9/11 attacks, terrorists can feed stereotypes or prejudices (terrorism). OBJECTIVE 17| Cite four ways that cognitive processes help create and maintain prejudice.

Sources of Prejudice Frustration-Aggression theory People who are frustrated in their goals may turn their anger away from the proper target toward another, less powerful target. (Scapegoat) Authoritarian personality Personality pattern characterized by rigid conventionality, exaggerated respect for authority, and hostility toward those who defy social norms Racism Prejudice and discrimination directed at particular racial group

Overcoming Prejudice Re-categorize: expand a schema to see how it relates to others. Not Protestant vs. Catholic but instead both under Christianity. Controlled Processing: purposefully “putting on their shoes” as a method to learn tolerance Increase contact between groups: Equal status One-on-one contact Come together to cooperate, not compete Should not be contrived