A&P II URINARY SYSTEM.

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A&P II URINARY SYSTEM

Urinary Anatomy Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra The urinary system consists of two kidneys that filter the blood, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra to convey waste substances to the outside Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra

Functions of Urinary System The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae Clears blood of waste products of metabolism Uremia accumulation of toxic levels of wastes in blood maintain normal H2O and electrolyte balance fluid volumes blood pressure body pH

Kidneys Excretory Organ Excretes Intestine, Skin, Lungs N2 wastes Toxins H20 Electrolytes

Kidney Kidney Functions The kidneys function to regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids and remove metabolic wastes from the blood in the process. The kidneys also help control the rate of red blood cell formation by secreting erythropoietin, and regulate blood pressure by secreting renin.

Microscopic Structure Nephron unit of function 1.25 million / kidney Highly vascular 20% of blood pumped / min

Functions 1) maintain fluid balance 2) maintain electrolyte balance 3) maintain acid-base balance 4) remove N2 wastes urea 5) synthesize prostaglandin's 6) influence rate of secretion of hormones ADH / Aldosterone

Nephron Anatomy 1) Glomerulus 2) Tubule Arterioles Bowman’s Capsule Proximal Loop of Henle Ascending Descending Distal Collecting

Urine Formation Actions in forming urine 1) filtration 2) reabsorption 3) secretion

Fluid is squeezed out of the glomerular capillary bed Resorption Most nutrients, water ad essential ions are returned to the blood of the peritubular capillaries Secretion c. Moves additional undesirable molecules into tubule from blood of peritubular capillaries

Glomerular Filtration blood flows through glomerular capillaries H2O and solutes filter out into Bowman’s Capsule

Glomerular Filtration blood flows through glomerular capillaries H2O and solutes filter out into Bowman’s Capsule

Glomerular Filtration pressure gradient causes filtration some kidney diseases permeability of glomerulus increases allows blood proteins to filter out into the capsule

Glomerular Filtration High blood pressure in the glomerulus forces small molecules from blood into the Bowman’s capsule

Glomerular Filtration Stress can lead to constriction of afferent arterioles causes filtration rate to lower and renal suppression “kidney shutdown”

Glomerular Filtration glomerular filtration rate directly related to systemic blood pressure ↓ BP = ↓ glomerular filtration ↑ BP = ↑ glomerular filtration (slight)

Tubular Reabsorption Glucose, amino acids, ions and other useful substances are actively transported from the tubule into blood

Glucose Reabsorption if blood glucose levels exceed threshold amount (150mg/100ml) not all glucose is reabsorbed

Reabsorption from Loop of Henle Descending Loop Water diffuses out of the tubule by osmosis

Reabsorption from Loop of Henle Ascending Loop Salts are actively transported out of the tubule, but water cannot follow because the walls of the tubule are impermeable to water

Reabsorption from Loop of Henle NaCl is trapped in interstitial fluid of kidney medulla

Reabsorption from Distal Tubules proximal tubules reabsorb 2/3 of Na+ distal tubules reabsorb 1/10 of Na+

Reabsorption from Distal Tubules distal tubules reabsorb H2O if antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present

Distal Tubule K+, H+ and other ions, and certain large molecules are actively transported from the blood into the tubule, regulating the pH and ionic concentration of the blood

Collecting Duct As the urine passes down the duct, water moves by osmosis from the duct into the blood

Collecting Duct As the urine passes down the duct, water moves by osmosis from the duct into the blood

ADH cause distal tubules to become permeable to H2O

Regulation of Urine Volume 1) ADH 2) Aldosterone 3) Extracellular fluid volume 4) Urine solute concentration

Regulation of Urine Volume 1) ADH Presence decrease Urine Volume Absence increase Urine Volume

Regulation of Urine Volume 2) Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption in distal tubule with H2O following

Regulation of Urine Volume 3) urine volume relates directly to extracellular fluid volume (ECF) ECF ↓ urine volume ↓ ECF ↑ urine volume ↑ rapid ingestion of large amount of fluid and resulting increased ECF leads to increased urinary output

Regulation of Urine Volume 4) high solute concentration in urine increases urine volume by osmotic pressure untreated diabetes void large amounts of urine because excess glucose in blood “spilling over”

Influence of Kidney on Blood Pressure Renal Hypertension decreased blood flow to kidney constriction of arterioles increased BP

Ureters Tubes leading from kidney to bladder Urine moves by peristaltic movement

Ureters Renal Calculi distend ureter walls stones develop in kidney, washed out by urine into ureter distend ureter walls pain

Bladder collapsible, elastic bag Ureters 2 Bladder Urethra 1

Functions of Bladder 1) reservoir for urine 2) expels urine distended causes sensation and desire to void

Urethra passageway for eliminating urine

Urethra passageway for eliminating urine Smooth muscle with inner mucosa changes from transitional through stages to stratified squamous near end Drains urine out of the bladder and body Male: about 20 cm (8”) long Female: 3-4 cm (1.5”) long Short length is why females have more urinary tract infections than males - ascending bacteria from stool contamination

Urine H2O 95% N2 wastes Electrolytes Toxins Pigments Hormones