Animal Taxonomy

(Eukaryotic uni-/multi-cellular) 2- Kingdom Protista (Eukaryotic uni-/multi-cellular) 3 2 1 prokaryotic Eukaryota 1 2 3 In the five-kingdom system of classification, the eukaryotes were distributed among four kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

(Eukaryotic uni-/multi-cellular) 2- Kingdom Protista (Eukaryotic uni-/multi-cellular) 3 2 1 prokaryotic Protists are eukaryotes and thus are much more complex than the prokaryotes. The first eukaryotes were unicellular. eukaryotic and multi-cellular animals originated from protists Eukaryota 1 2 3

Protists Protista (mostly unicellular eukaryotes) ranging from uni-celled microscopic members, simple multi-cellular forms, and complex giants like seaweeds. Still,“protist” is used as a term for a great diversity of eukaryotic kingdoms. Most of the 60,000 known protists are unicellular, but some are colonial and others multi-cellular. Many protists form resistant cells (cysts) that can survive harsh conditions.

Characters of Protists A)- Nutrition: Most protists are aerobic, with mitochondria for cellular respiration. Some protists are photoautotrophs with chloroplasts. Still others are heterotrophs that absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles. A few are mixotrophs, combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. Protists may include photosynthetic species, heterotrophic species, and mixotrophic species.

B)- Movement: C)- Reproduction: Most protists move with flagella or cilia during some time in their life cycles. The eukaryotic flagella are not homologous to those of prokaryotes. The eukaryotic flagella are extensions of the cytoplasm with a support of the 9 + 2 microtubule system. Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella. Cilia and flagella move the cell with rhythmic power strokes, analogous to the oars of a boat. C)- Reproduction: Reproduction and life cycles are highly varied among protists. Mitosis occurs in almost all protists. Some protists are asexual . Others are primarily asexual but can also reproduce sexually occasionally.

F)- Importance: Many protists are symbionts that inhabit the body fluids, tissues, or cells of hosts. These symbiotic relationships span the continuum from mutualism to parasitism. Some parasitic protists are important pathogens of animals, including those that cause potentially fatal diseases in humans.

Protists (1-Euglena) Systematic Position Kingdom :Protista Phylum : Sarcomastigophora Subphylum : Mastigophora Class : Phytomastigophora Genus : Euglena

Light detector near the base of long flagellum function to detect light that is not blocked by eyespot. Eyespot which is sensitive to light and helps the euglena find light. Contractile Vacuole holds excess water and removes it from the cell. protein bands beneath the plasma that provide strength and flexibility

Movement: Euglena use flagella (flagellates) for movement The euglena can glide and swim using their flagella

A single-celled mixotrophic protist, Nutrition: A single-celled mixotrophic protist, Can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing organic nutrients from the environment. Sometimes form resistant cells (cysts) that can survive harsh conditions. Reproduction: Euglena Reproduce asexually by binary fission

(Eukaryotic uni-/multi-cellular) The Summary Nutrition: Most protists are aerobic, with mitochondria for cellular respiration. Some protists are photoautotrophs with chloroplasts. Still others are heterotrophs that absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles. A few are mixotrophs, combining photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. Protists may include photosynthetic species, heterotrophic species, and mixotrophic species. Kingdom Protista (Eukaryotic uni-/multi-cellular) Movement: Most protists move with flagella or cilia during some time in their life cycles. The eukaryotic flagella are not homologous to those of prokaryotes. The eukaryotic flagella are extensions of the cytoplasm with a support of the 9 + 2 microtubule system. Cilia are shorter and more numerous than flagella. Cilia and flagella move the cell with rhythmic power strokes, analogous to the oars of a boat. Importance: Many protists are symbionts that inhabit the body fluids, tissues, or cells of hosts. These symbiotic relationships span the continuum from mutualism to parasitism. Some parasitic protists are important pathogens of animals, including those that cause potentially fatal diseases in humans. Reproduction: Reproduction and life cycles are highly varied among protists. Mitosis occurs in almost all protists. Some protists are asexual . Others are primarily asexual but can also reproduce sexually occasionally.