The Counter-Reformation

Lutheranism – followed the teachings of Martin Luther Calvinist – followed the teachings of John Calvin – 2nd generation reformer 26 years younger than Luther Differences – view of the bible, eurcherist Huguenot – began 1559 - French protestants followed Calvin - based on a belief in salvation through individual faith without the need for the intercession of a church hierarchy and on the belief in an individual's right to interpret scriptures for themselves, placed these French Protestants in direct theological conflict with both the Catholic Church and the King of France in the theocratic system which prevailed at that time -persecuted because they went against the Catholic churches teachings

Why was the Catholic Church Slow to Respond to the Reformation? Reformers wanted changes in both doctrine and practice that was not easy to take Absenteeism of bishops and corrupt practices within church administration were hard to break Popes were hesitant to call general councils because in the early 15th century general councils tried to trim papal authority Leo X, 1513-1521 Leo X was pope when Martin Luther posted his 95 theses Adrian VI, 1522-1523. He was the first pope of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Clement VII, 1523-1534. Clement is the pope who refused to grant King Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Paul III, 1534-1549. He convened the Council of Trent and worked for Church renewal. Julius III, 1550-1555. Marcellus II, 1555. He died of a stroke less than one month after election to papacy. Paul IV, 1555-1559. He is the pope who created the Index of Forbidden Books. Pius V, 1559-1565. He reconvened the Council of Trent, after it had been suspended for ten years. St. Pius V, 1566-1572. He enforced the decrees of the Council of Trent and published the Roman Catechism.

Council of Trent - 1545 Pope Paul III calls the Council of Trent that reasserted the Catholic Church and its belief in the institution of the church, seven sacraments – over and against the Protestant Churches that were emerging The Council in Santa Maria Maggiore church; Museo Diocesano Tridentino, Trento.

Effects of the Council of Trent Bishops now had to reside in their diocese The sale of indulgences was ended Clergy were to be more disciplined The Inquisition is re-introduced Seminaries were established Catholic church is reacting against Protestantism, it is doing so be embracing Humanism The establishment of the Jesuits by Ignatius of Loyola ushers in a new era for the Catholic Church – an era dominated by education (including scientific education) The monasteries founded by the Jesuits, who answered directly to the Pope, quickly became great centres across Europe The Roman Inquisition was a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes related to heresy, including sorcery, immorality, blasphemy, Judaizing and witchcraft, as well for censorship of printed literature. The tribunals covered most of the Italian peninsula as well as Malta and also existed in isolated pockets of papal jurisdiction in other parts of Europe, including Avignon, in France. The Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, later to be renamed the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (1908), and currently called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (1965), was one of the original 15 congregations of the Roman Curia created by Pope Sixtus V in 1588, presided over the activity of the local tribunals. While the Roman Inquisition was originally designed to combat the spread of Protestantism in Italy, the institution outlived its original purpose, and the system of tribunals lasted until the mid 18th century, when the Italian states began to suppress the local inquisitions, effectively eliminating the power of the church to prosecute heretical crimes.

Fight Against Protestantism goes Beyond the Church many people worried about the spread of Protestantism across Europe not just the pope The Holy Roman Emperor was worried because the Prince of Saxony was hiding Martin Luther away to translate the bible – showing his own independence Was defying both the Emperor and the Pope proving he could rule his own land Protestantism spreads across Holy Roman Empire – Charles V sees his empire’s strength tested Violence breaks out throughout Europe as Catholic nations try and suppress the spread of Protestantism

Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) Emperor Ferdinand II attempts to restore Catholicism across the Holy Roman Empire Fails to subdue the established Protestant states and the Peace of Westphalia is concluded: Protestant nations are assured equality along with Catholic Nations In effect, the nation can now choose the religion of the state The state is becoming more powerful, and the power of the church is in decline Religion was declining while state was increasing (idea of nationhood) Fragmentation and violence emerge during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation 100 years earlier Europe had been relatively harmonious