John Grotzinger, Thomas H. Jordan,

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Presentation transcript:

John Grotzinger, Thomas H. Jordan, Frank Press, Raymond Siever, Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 6: Metamorphic Rocks Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman & Company

Concepts you will need to know for the exams CHAPTER 6 METAMORPHIC ROCKS Controls on metamorphism by: P,T, fluids Isotherm Geothermal gradient Confining pressure Directed pressure Regional metamorphism Contact metamorphism High-P metamorphism Burial or low-grade metamorphism Foliated texture Crystal Growth Pressure-Temperature Paths (pro-grade and retrograde metamorphism)

Factors that control the type and and degree Metamorphism Heat Pressure Fluids

Temperature increases with depth A typical continental geothermal gradient is 30 degrees C per kilometer Where is the 1300 degree isotherm? Old lithosphere - 150 km New lithosphere (Divergent) - 30 km Volcanic regions (Convergent)- 50 km

Confining Pressure Confining pressure is the same in all directions (incl. 3rd dimension) In water, that is one ton per m2 each meter of depth 10 m ~ 1 atm or 10 tons of pressure

Directed Pressure When one pressure is greater than the other three (incl. 3rd dimension) If directed pressure is great enough rocks can break and/or fold

Fluids Accelerate chemical reactions Dissolve ions and move them from one mineral to another (A change in rock composition by fluid transport is metasomatism)

TYPES OF METAMORPHISM Pressure (Impacts) Subduction Zones Regional Metamorphism Increasing grade Burial (low-P, low-T), low-grade Mountain belts Contact Fluids metasomatism) Temperature

shock, contact, regional, and burial Types of metamorphism shock, contact, regional, and burial

Shock metamorphism Regional metamorphism Depth, km Oceanic crust 35 35 Continental crust Oceanic lithosphere 75 Continental mantle lithosphere Asthenosphere

Shock metamorphism Regional metamorphism Regional metamorphism Depth, Oceanic crust 35 Continental crust Oceanic lithosphere 75 Continental mantle lithosphere Asthenosphere

Regional high-pressure metamorphism Shock metamorphism Regional Depth, km Oceanic crust 35 Continental crust Oceanic lithosphere 75 Continental mantle lithosphere Asthenosphere

Regional high-pressure metamorphism Shock metamorphism Regional Contact metamorphism Regional metamorphism Depth, km Oceanic crust 35 Continental crust Oceanic lithosphere 75 Continental mantle lithosphere Asthenosphere

Regional high-pressure metamorphism Shock metamorphism Regional Contact metamorphism Regional metamorphism Depth, km Oceanic crust 35 Continental crust Oceanic lithosphere 75 Continental mantle lithosphere Asthenosphere

Regional high-pressure metamorphism Shock metamorphism Regional Contact metamorphism Regional metamorphism Depth, km Oceanic crust 35 Continental crust Oceanic lithosphere 75 Continental mantle lithosphere Asthenosphere Water Seafloor metamorphism

Textures to distinguish metamorphic rocks

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