Section 2: Eruptions The composition of magma determines the characteristics of a volcanic eruption. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned

Essential Questions How does magma type influence volcanic activity? What is the role of pressure and dissolved gases in eruptions? What kinds of material are ejected by volcanic eruptions? Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Vocabulary Review New basaltic viscosity tephra pyroclastic flow Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Making Magma A volcano’s explosivity depends on the composition of the magma. Lava from an eruption can be thin and runny or thick and lumpy. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Making Magma Temperature Depending on their composition, most rocks begin to melt at temperatures between 800°C and 1200°C. In addition to temperature, pressure and the presence of water and dissolved gases also affect the formation of magma. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Making Magma Pressure Pressure increases with depth because of the weight of overlying rocks. As pressure increases, the temperature at which a substance melts also increases, which explains why most of the rocks in Earth’s lower crust and upper mantle do not melt. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Composition of Magma The composition of magma determines a volcano’s explosivity, which is how it erupts and how its lava flows. Understanding the factors that determine the behavior of magma can aid scientists in predicting the eruptive style of volcanoes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Composition of Magma Dissolved gases In general, as the amount of gases in magma increases, the magma’s explosivity also increases. Important gases in magma are water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Composition of Magma Dissolved gases Minerals in the mantle, such as albite, melt at high temperatures. The presence of dissolved water vapor lowers the melting temperature of minerals, causing mantle material to melt into magma. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Composition of Magma Viscosity The physical property that describes a material’s resistance to flow is called viscosity. Temperature and silica content affect the viscosity of a magma. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Add link to Virtual Lab from ConnectED here. How does magma's composition affect a volcano's eruption? Virtual Lab FPO Add link to Virtual Lab from ConnectED here. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Types of Magma The silica content of magma determines not only its explosivity and viscosity, but also which type of volcanic rock it forms as lava cools. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Eruptions

Types of Magma Basaltic magma When rock in the upper mantle melts, basaltic magma typically forms. Basaltic magma contains less than 50 percent silica. Its low silica content produces low-viscosity magma. The resulting volcano is characterized by quiet eruptions. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Types of Magma Andesitic magma Andesitic magma is 50 to 60 percent silica and is found along oceanic- continental subduction zones. The source material for this magma can be either oceanic crust or oceanic sediments. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Types of Magma Andesitic magma The higher silica content of Andesitic magma results in a magma that has intermediate viscosity. Thus, the volcanoes it fuels are said to have intermediate explosivity. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Types of Magma Rhyolitic magma When molten material rises and mixes with the overlying continental crust rich in silica and water, it forms rhyolitic magma. Rhyolitic magma contains more than 60 percent silica. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Types of Magma Rhyolitic magma High viscosity, along with the large volume of gas trapped within rhyolitic magma, makes the volcanoes fueled by this magma very explosive. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Visualizing Eruptions As magma rises due to plate tectonics and hot spots, it mixes with Earth’s crust. This mixing causes differences in the temperature, silica content, and gas content of magma as it reaches Earth’s surface. These properties of magma determine how volcanoes erupt. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Add link to Animation from p. 511 here. Visualizing Eruptions Concepts In Motion FPO Add link to Animation from p. 511 here. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Explosive Eruptions When lava is too viscous to flow freely from the vent, pressure builds up in the lava until the volcano explodes, throwing lava and rock into the air. The erupted materials are called tephra. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Explosive Eruptions Tephra are classified by size. The smallest fragments, with diameters less than 2 mm, are called ash. The largest tephra thrown from a volcano are called blocks. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Pyroclastic Flows Violent volcanic eruptions can send clouds of ash and other tephra down a slope at speeds of about 80 km/h. Rapidly moving clouds of tephra mixed with hot, suffocating gases are called pyroclastic flows. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Pyroclastic Flows In 1902, a pyroclastic flow from Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean Sea was so powerful that it destroyed the entire town of St. Pierre in only a few minutes. Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Review Essential Questions Vocabulary How does magma type influence volcanic activity? What is the role of pressure and dissolved gases in eruptions? What kinds of material are ejected by volcanic eruptions? Vocabulary viscosity tephra pyroclastic flow Eruptions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education