Chapter 5 Weather

Solar Radiation Temperature Changes with Latitude Like at poles Like equator

Seasonal Changes Temperature Changes with Season

The Atmosphere Carbon dioxide Argon Water vapor Nitrogen 78% Pollutants Helium Etc. 1% Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% CO2 .038%

The Atmosphere

Atmospheric Circulation Circulation spawned by heating / cooling Prevailing winds: Generated by pressure differences and Coriolis effect

Coriolis Effect Southern Hemisphere

Coriolis Effect

Gaspard de Coriolis (1792-1843) Size of deflection is directly related to both the speed at which the air is moving and its latitude. The Coriolis force is zero right at the equator. The Coriolis force only acts on large objects like air masses moving considerable distances. Small objects, for example ships at sea, are too small to experience significant deflections.

Trade Winds

Horse Latitudes 30 degrees north (Horse latitudes) & 30 degrees south Equator (Doldrums)

Fronts

Fronts 1. A front is defined by temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure: 1. Temperature = the kinetic energy of a substance 2. Relative Humidity = is a function of temperature and water content 3. Air pressure = the weight of the atmosphere Warm Fronts 1. Retreating Cold fronts under advancing warm fronts are drawn out in a triangular fashion due to friction with the ground causing a triangular shape to the advancing warm front. 2. Warm fronts move towards the northeast 3. Warm fronts usually travel at about 15mph Cold Fronts 1. Cold fronts become rounded due to friction with the ground as they advance on warm fronts. 2. Cold fronts tend to move towards the east or southeast 3. Cold fronts usually advance at speeds of 20mph 4. Cold fronts may produce violent weather depending on their speed and air stability. 5. Faster moving cold fronts produce “squall Lines” Where high upper level winds stop a warm front from lifting up but whip up warm air ahead of the storm producing violent weather.

Air Movement Pressure Systems (in the north) 1. Low Pressure systems rotate counter clockwise 2. High pressure systems rotate clockwise Jet Streams 1. Tend to follow the borders between warm and cold air 2. In the summer they are located further north and in the winter further south 3. Jet streams blow west to east in the northern and southern hemispheres 4. How are airline flights impacted by jet streams (speed and turbulence) Wind Shear Is any sudden change in wind speed or direction causing, turbulence.

The Global Ocean Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean Influenced by: 1. Coriolis Effect 2. Winds 3. Land Masses 4. Water Density

The Global Ocean Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean

The Global Ocean Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water