What were the important themes in world history from 1919 to 1939? Essential Question: What were the important themes in world history from 1919 to 1939? Warm Up Question: 31.1, 31.2

Title Text Important changes took place in the 20 years between the two world wars (1919-1939)

What was Europe like after World War I ?

Title Many European nations were destroyed & bankrupted by years of fighting along the Western Front Text Russia was destroyed after WWI & a three-year civil war that led to communism & the formation of the Soviet Union Italians were angry when they did not receive land along the Adriatic Coast Important changes took place in the 20 years between the two world wars (1919-1939) The harshness of the Treaty of Versailles created bitterness in Germany who were unable to pay reparations In Europe, the war led to a sense of bitterness & pessimism among nations

What were some new ideas in the post-war era? The horrors of World War I changed people’s attitudes about progress After the war, people started questioning traditional beliefs The horrors of World War I shattered the Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail. In the postwar period, people began questioning traditional beliefs What were some new ideas in the post-war era?

Austrian-born Sigmund Freud revolutionized psychology; He believed the mind has conscious & subconscious thoughts that affect peoples’ behavior

German-born Albert Einstein revolutionized physics; His theories on light, relativity, & energy disproved many of Isaac Newton’s discoveries from the 1600s

New abstract art like Pablo Picasso’s cubism (using geometric shapes) & Salvador Dali’s surrealism (dream-like art) reacted against tradition art forms

What was America like after World War I ?

The USA was the wealthiest nation in the world & a major world power that created (but never joined) the League of Nations Japan gained wealth by selling supplies to the Allies & increased its position as the strongest nation in Asia While European nations struggled to rebuild & pay for the war, some world nations benefited from WWI

After WWI, the United States entered the Roaring Twenties Mass production in factories led to new consumer goods & high wages for workers Automobiles became inexpensive & popular…

…Americans enjoyed themselves at movies, sporting events, & jazz clubs Electric appliances & radios were popular…

The USA used its wealth to help European nations repay their debts & rebuild after the war

What changed in America in the 1930s?

The Roaring Twenties came to an end in 1929 when the stock market crash, bank failures, & high unemployment led to a Great Depression

The depression led to a sharp rise in unemployment in Europe The depression in America triggered a world-wide depression in the 1930s when international trade declined & U.S. investment in Europe ended The depression led to a sharp rise in unemployment in Europe

Why did powerful dictators come to power in Europe in the 1920s & 1930s?

Unemployment in Germany reached 30% In Germany, the situation grew desperate by the 1930s & the Weimar gov’t became more unpopular The Weimar republic was already unpopular because gov’t leaders signed the Treaty of Versailles Like Germany, Italians felt betrayed by the treaty, had a suffering economy, & saw its unemployment rise Unemployment in Germany reached 30% To pay war reparations & rebuild the country, the gov’t printed money which led to hyper-inflation

These dictators played an important role in causing World War II Due to the economic depression, bitterness, & desperation, powerful dictators will seize power in Germany & Italy These dictators played an important role in causing World War II

I. Authoritarian Government and Totalitarianism Authoritarian Government is ruled by a single person or party interested in political power. Totalitarianismseeks to control not only political power, but the economy, culture, and social life. Often use terror and fear--utilizing propaganda and controlling access to information such as the press and education. (Examples: Italy, Germany, & USSR)

II. The Soviet Union 1. 1922 --Lenin establishes the Soviet Union (USSR)

III. The Rise of Joseph Stalin 1924—Lenin dies– Several leaders struggle for power including Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Becomes a dictator over USSR—imposing a totalitarian state. He begins a Five Year Plan a. increase industrialization b. collectivize agriculture

IV. New Leaders Emerge Fascist government emerged in 1922 under Benito Mussolini. He rose to power using propaganda, brutality, and intimidation—promoting an ultra-nationalist Italy and himself as Il Duce (“the Leader”).

V. Fascism in Germany In 1921, Adolf Hitler took control of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party—better known as the Nazis. Chancellor of Germany in 1933. Fuhrerdictator over the Third Reich.

VI. Leadership in Japan Emperor Hirohito, 1926. General, Hideki Tojo, assumed the role of Japan’s premier –leading it through World War II.

VII. Aggression in Asia 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria Japan leaves the League of Nations By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast

VIII. German Expansion Rebuilding German military and marches troops into the Rhineland (lost in WWI) Germany annexes Austria and claims parts of the Sudetenland Great Britain and France pursue policy of appeasement—rather than challenge Hitler’s aggression In 1939, Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declare war on Germany—thus beginning World War II