Ch.12: Motivation Main Theories Hunger Social Motivation

Theories Instinct Criticism: do we have instincts? Drive-Reduction Reduce a drive, goal is homeostasis Criticism: motivations not based on physiological needs? Incentive Rewards (intrinsic or extrinsic) Arousal Curiosity, find a good medium level of arousal Hierarchy of Needs Motivated to reach self-actualization Criticism: do we always go in the order of the pyramid?

Hunger Brain Hormones Other Hypothalamus Lateral: I’m hungry! Ventromedial: Stop eating! Hormones Insulin: blood glucose, too low = hungry! Leptin: decrease hunger! Set Point (thermostat in body) Other Social, cultural, time of day Anorexia vs. bulimia

Achievement Affiliation vs. ostracism Achievement- desire for significant accomplishment Intrinsic vs. extrinsic

Ch.13: Emotions Theories Facial Expressions Aggression

Theories James-Lange Cannon Bard Schacter-Singer (Two Factor) Later labels Cannon Bard Label at the same time Schacter-Singer (Two Factor) Cognitive label

Facial Expressions Facial expressions are innate Facial and behavioral feedback hypothesis

Aggression Catharsis Does not help long term

Ch.14: Stress Theories Physiological Effects

Theories Cognitive G.A.S. (Selye) Type A vs. Type B Stress comes from how we perceive an event G.A.S. (Selye) Alarm, resistance, exhaustion Type A vs. Type B A= competitive (stress!) B= chill (less stress!)

Physiological Activates sympathetic nervous system Stress leads to: Coronary heart disease Immune system breaks down Ulcers depression

Ch.15: Personality Theories Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages Assessing Personalities Criticism

Theories Psychoanalytical (Freud) Conflicts between Id, Superego, and Ego. (Freud) Repressed unconscious drives developed in childhood (Freud) Neo-Freudian/Psychodynamic Our collective unconscious (Jung) childhood inferiority (Adler) childhood anxiety (Horney) Humanistic Our desire to reach self-actualization (Maslow) how much unconditional positive regard we have received (Rogers) Trait Big 5: CANOE (Costa and McCrae) Social Cognitive Reciprocal determinism (Bandura) Locus of control, explanatory style, self-efficacy, learned helplessness

Psychoanalytical: Defense Mechanisms See Handout! Repression (biggest one to know): block unwanted memories Regression: back to child Denial: reject truth Displacement: take out anger on someone else Projection: put our attributes on someone else Rationalization: making excuses Reaction Formation: believe opposite of what we feel Sublimation: convert bad actions into more acceptable

Psychoanalytical: Psychosexual Stages Conflicts must be resolved You may, however, be fixated on one stage Stage Focus Oral (0 – 18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing Anal (18 – 36 months) Pleasure centers on bowel and bladder control Phallic (3 – 6 years) Pleasure centers in the genitals (coping with sexual feelings) • Boys develop Oedipus complex- a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feeling jealousy and hatred for the father • Girls develop Electra complex- opposite as Oedipus (identification happens in this stage) Latency (6 – puberty) Hidden (latent) sexual feelings that are submerging. Genital (puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests.

Assessing Personality Psychoanalytical Free association Projective tests (TAT, inkblot) Humanistic Answer question: Who am I? Trait Personality inventory (MMPI, Myers Briggs) Social-Cognitive Assess in real life situations

Criticism Psychoanalytical Humanistic Trait Socio-Cognitive too much on unconscious and sex Test results are not reliable or valid Humanistic Vague and subjective, too self-centered, and naively optimistic. Trait Traits may vary from situation to situation depending on the environment Socio-Cognitive Does not focus enough on the actual person (gives too much credit to other factors)

Ch.16: Disorders Disorders Explaining DSM-IV Labeling

Disorders Look at Disorders Handout! Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Personality Dissociative Somatoform Schizophrenia Developmental Eating

Explaining Disorders See slide 15 (earlier)

DSM-IV Medical model- diseases have causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured (in most cases) DSM-IV describes these diseases.

Labeling Rosenhan Study People may be treated differently when they are labeled.

Ch.17: Therapy History Goals of Therapy Methods Used Criticism

History (Past)- lobotomies, ECT, hypnosis Dorothea Dix Eclectic Approach

Goals of Therapy See slide 16 (earlier)

Methods Used Psychoanalytical (Freud) Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Free association (look for resistance and transference) Analyze dreams Cognitive Cognitive-behavior therapy (Beck) Rational Emotive Therapy (Ellis) Behavioral Classical: counterconditioning, exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning Operant: behavior modification, token economy (Skinner) Social: modeling Humanistic Client-centered therapy, active listening (Rogers) Biomedical Drugs, ECT, light exposure

Criticism Psychoanalytical Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Biomedical Finds root of problem, but does not fix problem subjective Cognitive Sometimes negative thinking is justifiable Behavioral Does not address root of problem Humanistic Overly optimistic Biomedical Side effects, over-medicating

Other Group and Family therapy- therapeutic sharing and listening to other ideas. Psychologist vs. psychiatrist: Psychiatrist can prescribe medication

Ch.18: Social Psychology How We Think About Each Other Attribution Attitudes and Actions How We Influence Each Other Conformity Obedience Group Influence How We Relate to Each Other Prejudice/Bias Aggression Attraction Conflict Altruism

Attribution Fundamental attribution error Self-serving bias Self-fulfilling prophecy Fund. Attrib. Error

Attitudes and Actions Role Playing Foot-in-the-door phenomenon Zimbardo Prison experiment Foot-in-the-door phenomenon Cognitive-Dissonance (Festinger) Persuasion Central vs. peripheral route

Conformity Asch line experiment Normative social influence Informational social influence Conformity is high when: 3 or more people Unanimous One is made to feel incompetent

Obedience Milgram shock experiment Obedience is high when: Authority figure present Victim is depersonalized No role models

Group Influence Social Facilitation Social Loafing Deindividuation Run faster around people Social Loafing Less effort in group Deindividuation Scream at refs in group Group polarization Groups ideas enhance yours Groupthink Irrational decision because it sounds good

Prejudice/Bias Scapegoat Ingroup bias Ethnocentrism Stereotype Blaming someone Ingroup bias Favor your group Ethnocentrism My culture is better than yours Stereotype generalizing

Aggression Frustration leads to aggression Catharsis

Attraction Mere exposure effect Similarity Proximity

Conflict Social Traps Become selfish instead of thinking helping our collective well being

Altruism Bystander effect Why we help Social Exchange Reciprocity Norm We notice, interpret emergency, assume responsibility Social Exchange Rewards exceed costs Reciprocity Norm We help those who help us Social Responsibility Norm Help those dependent on them Feel Good, Do Good Help when in a good mood

Ch.7: Consciousness Sleep Sleep Disorders Dreams Hypnosis Drugs

Sleep: Circadian Rhythm Daily cycle of sleeping and waking (24 hour cycle) Controlled by light Influenced by melatonin

Sleep: Stages Stage How Long It Lasts Key Characteristics Stage 1 A few minutes Your body may suddenly jerk. May experience images resembling hallucinations. Stage 2 Most of the time Sleep spindles (theta waves)- bursts of rapid brain wave activity. Sleep talking. Stage 3 3 minutes (transition stage) Stage 4 30 minutes Delta waves- large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. Sleep walking. REM (Stage 5) REM- rapid eye movement. Most dreaming occurs in this stage. Ψ

Sleep: REM REM- dreaming stage REM Rebound- when deprived of REM, we get into REM faster

Sleep: Theories Evolution Brain Memory Growth

Sleep Disorders Insomnia Somnambulism Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Night Terrors

Dream Theories Freud/Psychoanalytical Activation-Synthesis Manifest content Latent content Activation-Synthesis Info-Processing Lucid Dreaming

Hypnosis Social Influence (not real, just more suggestibility) Divided Conscious (real state of conscious) (Hilgard)

Drugs Depressants Stimulants Opiates Hallucinogens alcohol meth heroin LSD

Mr. Greene says. . . You’re prepared, let fate do the rest. At the end of the day (regardless of your score), can you honestly say “I did everything that I could.” If yes, then you have already won If no, then use your experience as a learning tool. You cannot control the outcome, you can only control everything up to the outcome. Good luck!