RACHEL BOGGUS email me: BOGGUSRL@email.uc.edu Breathing 101 RACHEL BOGGUS email me: BOGGUSRL@email.uc.edu

Upper Respiratory System What are the three major functions that the conducting passages of the respiratory system have in conditioning air? What is included in the conducting passages? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Upper Respiratory System What are the three major functions that the conducting passages of the respiratory system have in conditioning air? Filter, humidify and warm inspired air What is included in the conducting passages? Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com What are the regions of the lung where gas exchange occurs? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com What are the regions of the lung where gas exchange occurs? Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The Nasal Cavity What does the nasal cavity consist of? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The Nasal Cavity What does the nasal cavity consist of? Vestibule, olfactory segment and respiratory segments 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Nasal Cavity--vestibule What type of epithelium lines the vestibule? What is the purpose of the vibrissae (short hairs)? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Nasal Cavity--vestibule What type of epithelium lines the vestibule? Stratified squamous, keratinized What is the purpose of the vibrissae (short hairs)? Filter large, particulate matter 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Nasal cavity Vestibule Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium Divided by septum of hyaline cartilage 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Nasal Cavity—respiratory segment What happens to the lining of the nasal cavity near the respiratory segment? How far does this final epithelium continue? What is the lamina propria like? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Nasal Cavity—respiratory segment What happens to the lining of the nasal cavity near the respiratory segment? First becomes stratified squamous non-keratinized then pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium) How far does this final epithelium continue? Through the bronchi What is the lamina propria like? In general loose irregular CT with diffuse lymphoid tissue and small serous and mucous glands. Extends to supportive cartilage/bone 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Respiratory epithelium and lamina propria 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

The conchae/turbinates How many are there, what are they called? What does each contain? How do they help you breathe? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

The conchae/turbinates How many are there, what are they called? 3, superior, middle, and inferior What does each contain? The superior is rudimentary Middle and inferior contain many glands and a plexus of veins How do they help you breathe? they warm and humidify air and they cause the air you breathe to swirladherance of partricles. 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Conchae and Nasal respiratory epithelium Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells Very thick basement membrane Lamina propria (loose CT) Contains glands, ducts, and a variable amount of diffuse lymphoid tissue In the concha, contains extensive venous plexus Can extend to the supportive cartilage or bone Conchae have cancellous bone 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com concha 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Note cancellous bone and venous plexus in concha 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Olfactory segment Located on roof of nasal cavity 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Nasal cavity—olfactory mucosa What are the three cell types? And what are their features? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Nasal cavity—olfactory mucosa What are the three cell types? And what are their features? Olfactory receptor cells Modified bipolar nerve cells with modified non-motile cilia which protrude from olfactory vesicle. Plasma membrane with receptors for odorants. CAN BE RENEWED!!! Sustentacular (supportive) cells Have microvilli on surface Basal Cells Undifferentiated stem cells – can give rise to bipolar cells 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Nasopharynx Lined with respiratory epithelium Pharyngeal tonsil found in lamina propria REMEMBER THIS????? REMEMBER HOW IT HAD PSEUDOSTRAT EPI vs. the PALATINE TONSIL that had SQUAMOUS??? Remember, you have a cumulative final! 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Larynx Connects pharynx to trachea Maintained by 3 unpaired supportive cartilage components, what are they? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Larynx Connects pharynx to trachea Maintained by 3 unpaired supportive cartilage components, what are they? Epiglottis Protrudes upwards with posterior tilt Covered with oral epi anteriorly, respiratory post. ELASTIC Thyroid cartilage - HYALINE Cricoid cartilage Composed of hyaline cartilage, ring shaped HYALINE 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Epiglottis– transition of epithelium 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The Larynx 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The larynx Epiglottis False vocal cords (vestibular folds) Laryngeal ventricle Vocalis muscle Thyroid cartilage True vocal folds 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The vocal folds How can you distinguish the true and false vocal folds? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The vocal folds How can you distinguish the true and false vocal folds? The false vocal fold is lined with respiratory epithelium (what is that?) with serous and mucous glands present in the lamina propria The true vocal fold has stratified squamous epithelium and the lamina propria has no glands—instead it has elastic fibers of the vocal ligament 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Notice the differences between true and false vocal cords 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Trachea What maintains the lumen of the trachea (its how you can tell it’s the trachea histologically!) What are the cell types in the respiratory epithelium lining the trachea? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Trachea What maintains the lumen of the trachea (its how you can tell it’s the trachea histologically!) C-shaped cartilage rings What are the cell types in the respiratory epithelium lining the trachea? Ciliated cells—move mucous—mucociliary escalator If you went to lecture Dr. Michaels talks about love on the mucociliary escalator…. weird Goblet cells—mucous layer for conducting passages Brush cells—tufts of microvilli, sneeze reflex? Neuroendocrine cells (K cells)—dense cored granules in basal cytoplasm 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Bronchi Primary bronchi resemble the trachea Intrapulmonary bronchi are first conductive passages within the lung YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH EVERYRHING FROM THE NOSE ALVEOLI 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Primary bronchi Large lumen Less cartilage than the trachea More smooth muscle 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Intrapulmonary bronchi – see lung tissue by a bronchi 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Intrapulmonary bronchialways accompanied by pulmonary artery (same size lumen as respiratory tree (an elastic artery) and a bronchiolar artery with smaller lumen (a muscular artery) 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Why hello pulmonary vessel – this would be pulmonary artery because you can see elastic fibers in higher power Bronchi is here 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Go over the flow of air Vestibulesconchaenasopharynxoropharynxlarynxtracheaextrapulmonary bronchi  intrapulmonary bronchi  terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchiolesalveoli 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

LRS change in epithelium Pseudostratified columnar, ciliated, with Goblet cells Simple columnar Simple cuboidal Attenuated squamous 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

General principles as you descend further on the respiratory tree: epithelium gets lower Goblet cells become fewer Glands become fewer Less cartilage More smooth muscle More elastic fibers 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com What are clara cells? What does surfactant do? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com What are clara cells? Non-ciliated epithelial cells that bulge into the airway of the terminal bronchioles Have numerous secretory granules filled with surfactant What does surfactant do? Prevents the collapse of the terminal bronchioles 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

In japanese as well for those who are fluent Clara cells are fun! 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Respiratory bronchioles 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Terminal bronchiole Continuous respiratory epi – NO CARTILAGE 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Respiratory bronchioles Most proximal region of the respiratory system where respiration can occur You can determine its them because of the interruptions in epithelium for alveolar outpouchings 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Pulmonary circulation 1. Functional (pulmonary) and 2. nutritional (bronchiolar) Functional for gas exchange, mediated by pulmonary arteries and veins Large elastic arteries carry de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs Reduced BP (25/5) Bronchiolar arteries for nutrition Muscular arteries that give oxygenated blood to alveolar tissues BP normal (120/80) Branches of bronchiolar and pulmonary arteries anastamose forming a capillary bed surrounding the alveolae Blood from both arteries is returned to left ventricle by pulmonary vein 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Pulmonary vessel (red) by bronchiole (terminal) and blue arrow is bronchiolar artery 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Alveoli Two new cell types Type I epithelial cells of the lung and type II epithelial cells of the lung (aka type I and II pneumocytes) Type Ihighly attenuated squamous cells Type IIlarge cuboidal cells found in the epithelium of alveoli progenitors of type I Have large storage granuleslamellar bodies which contain pulmonary surfactant 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Macrophages in the lung  dust cells (makes sense because they gobble up all the dust that gets in your lungs) 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com YOU MUST KNOW THIS How does a molecule of oxygen in the alveolar space reach a red blood cell in a capillary? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

YOU MUST KNOW THIS What must a molecule of oxygen in the alveolar space cross to reach a red blood cell in a capillary? A layer of pulmonary surfactant Two membranes of a type I pneumocyte The fused basal lamina (pneumocyte and endothelial cell) Two membranes of an endothelial cell One plasma membrane of a red blood cell 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Remember when I told you to remember band III? This is why The exchange of CO2 for O2 in the lungs is accomplished because band III moves chloride and bicarbonate ions in opposite directionschloride shift 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Alveolar ducts and sacs 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Type IIs 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Now for some image review

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com concha 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Has mucosa – epithelium and lamina propria Lamina propria has diffuse lymphoid tissue – LYMPHOCYTES (the small purple cells, remember) Epithelium is repiratory epithelium usually Has a thick basement membrane 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com concha Respiratory epi Venous plexus All these random purple nuclei are lymphocytes making up diffuse lymphoid tissue 11/14/2018 Thick basement mem Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Glands galore

Concha…. Blue arrows = venous plexus glands 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Cancellous bone

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com epiglottis Some glands here too ELASTIC cartilage – remember this looks fibery ANTERIOR = strat squam POSTERIOR = this is where the epithelium changes to respiratory 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Glands here: mucus AND serous epiglottis ELASTIC cartilage vs. the hyaline you see in trachea in bronchi and whatnot 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Elastic cartilage close up Note perichondrium and fibery appearance 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Next comes the larynx Epiglottis (elastic cart) False vocal fold w/glands and resp epi Laryngeal ventricle True vocal fold w/ squamous epi and vocal ligament elastic fibers Thyroid cartilage (hyaline) Vocalis (skeletal muscle) 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Cricoid cart. (hyaline)

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com REMEMBER true vocal fold = stratified squamous NON KERATINIZED 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Up close and personal with the vocal folds STRAT SQUAMOUS VOCAL LIGA RESP TRUE FALSE VOCALIS MUSCLE GLANDS 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com TRACHEA Connects larynx and bronchi Has C shaped hyaline cartilage MUST BE A COMPLETE, CONTINUOUS C, if it is an incomplete C then you call it a BRONCHI Mucus AND serous glands Elastic fibers 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Smooth muscle of the trachealis muscle is at the open end of the C in the trachea – you see glands here too 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Bronchus Bronchi have a surrounding ring of cartilage (hyaline) plus sero-mucus glands (upper right). Recall that bronchioles have neither. 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Bronchus A closer look shows the hyaline cartilage. Also find the smooth muscle layer just under the pseudostratified, columnar ciliated epithelium that serves for bronchoconstriction. Smooth muscle 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Here again the small patches of cartilage identify this bronchus – this would be a nice example of an INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com So at this point We have to distinguish: Larynx (w/vocal folds, etc) Epiglottis (elastic cart in larynx) Trachea (full C shaped cartilage) Extrapulmonary bronchus (discontinuous cartilage not surrounded by lung tissue) Intrapulmonary bronchus (has discontinuous cartilage and has lung tissue <alveoli and whatnot> surrounding it) 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Another terminal bronchiole Bronchiolar artery 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The terminal bronchiole (left) with ciliated columnar or cuboidal epithelium is a conducting passageway that does not exchange gases. The respiratory bronchiole (right) with occasional ciliated cuboidal epithelium interrupted by alveolar openings is the first site of gas exchange. 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com The alveoli bring RBCs into close proximity with inspired air. Type I pneumocytes (blue) are the squamous cells that form a component of the air-blood barrier. The cuboidal Type II pneumocytes (green) secrete surfactant that reduces surface tension and prevents atelectasis. 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com You want EMs, you got EMs Cap, lumen w/RBC Type I pneumocyte 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Type 1 pneumo – flat, no weird granules 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Weird lamellar bodies = Type 2 pneumo 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Alveolar macrophage = dust cell has vesicles in it but they don’t look like the lamellar bodies – very heterogeneous vesicles, random stuff in it. Often found chilling in the middle of the alveolar sacs 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com chillin 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Another type I – note FLAT appearance 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Stuff they like to give on EM but here is an LM for kicks 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Duct vs. sac 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Quick Quiz

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Identify 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Hints: --does it have a continuous layer of epithelium? Can you see it giving rise to other structures? IT’s a terminal bronchiole—you can see the respiratory bronchioles branching from it into the alveolar spaces 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Identify 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Hints: Look at the granules (what’s in the granules?) It’s a type II pneumocyte because it has the lamellar body granules that contain surfactant 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Where is this? Identify all the layers 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com It’s the blood air barrier in the lung What layers must O2 travel through to reach a RBC? A layer of pulmonary surfactant Two membranes of a type I pneumocyte The fused basal lamina (pneumocyte and endothelial cell) Two membranes of an endothelial cell One plasma membrane of a red blood cell 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Identify 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com False vocal fold 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Identify 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Hints: Its from last tutoring session Look at the lumen—microvilli It’s a proximal convoluted tubule 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Identify 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Renal corpuscle 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com This slide is extremely important!!! It will be on your test for sure!!! 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Larynx Red = false vocal fold Orange = thyroid cartilage Yellow = cricoid cartilage Green = epiglottis Blue = laryngeal ventricle Purple = true vocal fold 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com What is this? 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Vocalis muscle in the true vocal fold!! If you powered in you could see a nice example of skeletal muscle True vocal fold = how you speak (vs. false or FAKE vocal fold that does not = so makes sense that you need a muscle in true fold to help you speak --- this is a good way to help you remember how to distinguish the two 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Alveolar duct 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com Type I pneumocyte (blue) Type II pneumocyte (green) Macrophage (red) 11/14/2018 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

BYE!!!!!!!!!!