.   :  Building materials When sites for settlements were first chosen (hundreds or thousands of years ago), battles between settlements would have been common, therefore a good defensive location (on a small hill or surrounded by water) would have been very important. Flat land (relief):  Most houses would have traditionally been made out of woods, reeds, etc. Therefore it would have been very important to have been located near a source of building materials Fuel:  All settlements need food so it is important to build need fertile soil, where it is possible to grow crops. If a settlement grows a surplus of food then they might be able to trade with neighbouring settlements Defensive position There wouldn't have been roads and railways when the sites of settlements were initially selected. However, access to rivers, the sea or valleys would have been very important. If the settlement was built next to a river, a site that allowed easy access across the river would have been chosen. Transport links Settlements would not have had electricity or gas so a location next to a reliable source of fuel would be essential. The fuel source would normally be wood, or possibly peat. Fertile land: It is a lot easier to build a settlement on flat land than in mountains. Weather It is useful being near resources like wood, coal, gold because you can use them to build things or trade with nearby settlements. Trading Location: Settlements may have also been built for their access to trading routes. It would be very hard for one settlement to be totally self-sufficient so trade was essential. Coastal areas often make good locations to trade from. Resources Sites with fairly stable weather will have been selected. You do not want some where too hot or too cold, too wet, too dry or too windy. To grow crops sun and rain would have been very important.

Choosing a site! Which factors are still important today? Can you explain why you think things have changed from when people first started looking for settlements?

To be able to explain referring to: Hierarchy of services Objective: To be able to explain the hierarchy of services/functions in your local area To be able to explain referring to: Sphere of influence Threshold population Range https://maps.google.es/maps?safe=active&q=camas+sevilla+map&ie=UTF-8&ei=52yUUu72JIjs0gXQ9oG4Aw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAg

Hierarchy of Services / functions Which services do you think people use everyday? Which services do you think people use less often? Which services do you use less frequently? Would you expect to find these in every village? Explain your answer. High order services Low order services

Transport Fans Sphere of influence players Merchandise TV

Sphere of influence Every settlement has a sphere of influence depending on how much it has to offer. Complete the table to explain why these things would have an impact on the size of a settlement’s sphere of influence. Factor: Explanation: Size and services it provides The larger the settlement the more services it has so more people come to use these services giving it a larger sphere of influence Population density Wealth of the people Good transport links Competition from other settlements Be careful!

Threshold population – how much population is needed to for a service to be provided Low order services need a low threshold population! High order services need a high threshold population!

Settlement investigation Read pages 40 – 42 in your textbook and your book!! Produce an information sheet on where you live! What is the function of the settlement? Why was you settlement put where it was? Do you think the place where you live has a large or small sphere of influence? Explain! Look at the types of services which are in your area and name any that at high-order and any that are low-order. Can you name any spheres of influence that might overlap? Explain / draw a map to show how this could happen! Compare where you live with one other settlement near you. How are they different? Try to use the terms: range, threshold population, sphere of influence

Settlement Growth (Functions) Function: The job, purpose or use of a settlement. Large settlements will have more than one function and these functions may change over time. Functions may include: Shopping (Retail) Business (Commercial) Farming (Agricultural) Housing (Residential) Educational Healthcare Administration (local or national government) Fishing Tourism Entertainment Sporting

Settlement Hierarchy and Services Hierarchy: Placing things in an order of importance. Sphere of Influence: The distance or area people travel from to access a service. Services: Facilities that are offered to people e.g. supermarket, cinema, school or train station. Services have a threshold population, which helps explain why bigger settlements have more services. Range: This usually refers to the number of different services e.g. a school, a post office, etc. Threshold Population: The minimum amount of people required for a service to be offered and remain open. High Order Goods (Comparison): Goods that people buy less frequently. They tend to be more expensive and people will normally compare quality and price before purchasing e.g. a TV, car or holiday. Low Order Goods (Convenience): Goods that people buy every day. They don't usually cost much money and people would not normally travel far to buy them e.g. bread and milk

How to Achieve the BEST Grades in IGCSE Geography Grade F – D (Level 1) Grade C (Level 2) Grade B- A* (Level 3) Some simple geographical ideas discussed Shows understanding of a range of geographical ideas Shows a very thorough understanding of complex geographical interrelationships Shows awareness of some simple interrelationships between people and the environment Shows awareness of interdependence between people and the environment Shows awareness of sustainable development and how it affects the planning and management of resources Use of basic techniques, skills and geographical language Use of some appropriate techniques, skills and language Use of appropriate techniques, skills and language Few linkages made between ideas Some good linkages between ideas Clear explanations of linkages between ideas Little analysis, conclusions and evaluation Some analysis, conclusions and evaluation Ability to extend answers with developed analysis and evaluation Answers usually consist of brief statements / incomplete answers Answers all questions fully Answers all questions using marks scheme effectively Lack of case studies Use of ‘given’ case studies only Effective use of both given and own case studies Poor S.P.aG. Good S.P.aG. Excellent S.P.aG.