Cells & Cell Organelles Doing Life’s Work 2009-2010

I. What is a Cell? The smallest unit of life Contains all 8 properties of life Capable of carrying out all the functions of a living thing.

II. Why study cells? Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!

Our organelles do all these jobs! A. The Jobs of Cells Cells have 3 main jobs make energy need energy for all activities need to clean up waste produced while making energy make proteins proteins do all the work in a cell, so we need lots of them make more cells for growth to replace damaged or diseased cells Our organelles do all these jobs!

They’re like mini-organs! B. Organelles Organelles do the jobs within cells each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive They’re like mini-organs! Model Animal Cell

Summary Time What is a cell? Why do we study them?

A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth

B. Robert Hooke First to view cells In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) What he saw looked like small boxes

Robert Hooke Hooke is responsible for naming cells Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like small rooms

C. The Cell Theory In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells

Beginning of the Cell Theory 2. In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells

Beginning of the Cell Theory In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division

CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

Summary What is the cell theory? Why is it important?

D. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY In 1970, American biologist, Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA Chloroplast and Mitochondria

Prokaryotic cell is engulfed Endosymbiosis Prokaryotic cell is engulfed Eukaryotic cell Mutualism Prokaryotic cell

What is the endosymbiotic theory Why is it important? Summary What is the endosymbiotic theory Why is it important?

IV. Differences in Cells bacteria cells Prokaryote - no organelles Eukaryotes - organelles animal cells plant cells

A. Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: 1. Unicellular – composed of one cell 2. Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.

B. Simple or Complex Cells

1. Prokaryotes – The first Cells Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Includes bacteria Simplest type of cell DNA is circular

2. Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals More complex type of cells

Endoplasmic reticulum 3. Plant vs. Animal Cells PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL Cell membrane Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Nucleus Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes HAVE: Cell Wall LARGE vacuoles Chloroplasts HAVE: Centrioles

Summary

ORGANELLES Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

DNA DNA is the instructions for making protein Found in: Plant Cells Animal Cells Bacteria Cells Some Viruses

Nucleus Contains DNA Found in: Plant Cells Animal Cells

Ribosomes make proteins Found in: Plant Cells Animal Cells Bacteria Cells

Golgi Apparatus (Bodies) Sorts, packages and transports proteins Found in: Plant Cells Animal Cells

Vacuole Temporary storage of materials. Found in: Plant Cells: have 1 large vacuole Animal Cells: have many small vacuoles

Chloroplast Uses sunlight to make energy Located in PLANT cells

Mitochondria Turn food into useable energy Found in Plant Cells Animal Cells

CYTOPLASM Jelly that holds all organelles in place Found in: BACTERIA CELLS PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS

Cell Membrane Controls what comes in and out of the cell Found in: Animal Cells Plant Cells Bacteria Cells

Cell Wall Maintains cell structure by keeping a cell from bursting or collapsing. Found in: Plant Cells Bacteria Cells

FLAGELLA- whip-like tail used to move Found in: ANIMAL CELLS BACTERIA CELLS

Hair-like structure used to move. Cilia Hair-like structure used to move. Found in: ANIMAL CELLS BACTERIA CELLS

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum RER Helps make proteins using ribosomes In Plants and Animals

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum SER Processes carbohydrates & lipids In plants and animals

Lysosome Break down molecules Found in: Very few plant Cells Animals Cell Very few plant Cells