Manifest Destiny, Civil war, and Reconstruction Period 5: 1844-1877 Manifest Destiny, Civil war, and Reconstruction

Causes of the Civil War

Period 5 Key Concepts 5.1 The United States became more connected wth the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries 5.2 Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war 5.3 The Union victory in the civil war and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issue of slavery and secession but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights

Various tensions within and between regions came together to cause the civil war Economic differences (Industrial North vs Agricultural South) Political (Constitution) Social (slavery)

A fundamental disagreement between Northerners and Southerners about the Constitution contributed to the Civil war Northerners believed in the contract theory of government. Southerners believed in the compact theory. North (Contract) South (Compact) People, not the states, created the Union States, not the people, create the national government Federal government is Supreme laws of states are supreme to federal laws States can declare federal laws null and void Logical conclusion was secession

Nullification Crisis and the Compromise of 1833 Compromise on slavery, dating from the writing of the Constitution became harder and eventually impossible by 1860. Missouri Compromise Nullification Crisis and the Compromise of 1833 The Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Dred Scott Decision

Northern views on the South Were fine with slavery until the South wanted to expand Not morally opposed to slavery. Slavery existed in Ancient Greek and Roman societies. Even existed in the Bible Did view slavery against capitalism. Viewed the south as static. Very few opportunities for social and economic mobility Business owners in the North Wanted to expand capitalism to expand their labor force

Southern views on the North Referred to Northerners as "wage slaves" North was a mess, cities were congested, workers earned poverty wages. Viewed slavery as paternalistic, they were providing slaves with basic needs Slaves were an investment. Had to take care of their slaves (obviously not always true)

Reconstruction

Civil War expanded the Federal Government Union instituted the Draft For the first time, national government assumed responsibility for guaranteeing and protecting the rights of a segment of US History Paper currency Lincoln issued habeas corpus, suspending basic constitutional rights.

Synthesis You can connect Lincoln's issuance of habeas corpus to the PATRIOT ACT after 9/11. Make sure however, not to get into a political argument about government power.

Goals of Reconstruction How to treat the Southern states and bring them back into the Union What to do with Freedman

Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln wanted it to be easy for Southern states to come back into the Union. It wasn't the people of the south that seceded but their leaders

Attitudes and economic and political forces influenced the dimensions of Reconstruction Racism- Many Northerners preferred blacks stay in the North Economic competition- Northern whites worried that blacks would migrate to the North, driving down wages Political- Democrats were decimated and Republicans wanted to entrench themselves in the south

Denied many former Confederate leaders to hold office Republican Party sought to contain blacks in the south and establish the nucleus of their party in the south Denied many former Confederate leaders to hold office Provided blacks in the south just enough political and economic rights so they would stay in the south

13, 14, and 15 Amendments 13- Slavery banned 14th All persons born in or who are naturalized in the US are citizens; Citizen of the US can't be denied equal protections under the law 15th- voting can't be denied based on race

Reactionaries regained control of the South, and blacks were relegated to share cropping and social and political subordination Southerners accepted Radical Republican measures to lure black voters and entice them to become Democrats Slowly regained control of the state legislatures Violence and subordination were used against black (KKK). President does have authority to use force against the KKK. Civil Rights Act of 1875 (equal access to public facilities) declared unconstitutional. 80 years before next civil rights act

Reconstruction Ends Election of 1876 election: Hayes (Republican) declared victor but federal troops removed from the South

Legacy of Reconstruction Southern economy would not fully recover until after WW2. Plessy vs Ferguson Poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clause, gerrymandering