Early modern age

EARLY MODERN AGE THE AGE OF DISCOVERIES THE EARLY MODERN STATE HUMANISM REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION

1. THE AGE OF DISCOVERIES CAUSES OF DISCOVERIES PRECOLUMBIAN CIVILISATIONS PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES SPANISH DISCOVERIES CONSEQUENCES

1.1. CAUSES POLITICAL: The fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 made the Turks the rulers of East Mediterranean Sea and blocked European trade from Asia. The end of the Reconquest: soldiers looked for more lands to conquer.

1.1. CAUSES ECONOMIC SCIENTIFIC: East products were highly demanded in Europe: spices or luxury products. SCIENTIFIC: Many scientits based on Ptolemy defend the the Earth was spherical, so it was possible to reach Indian travelling to the west.

1.1. CAUSES TECHNICAL Sailors used compass, sextant and astrolabe to help them across the sea. New ships were built such as caravel.

1.2. PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILISATIONS MAYAS Was located at Yucatan Peninsula Splendour had finished in th 13th century. They were organised in many city-states. Great advances: astronomy and pharmaceutic.

1.2. PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILISATIONS AZTECS Grew in the center and south of Mexico in the 15th century. The capital was Tenochtitlan The society was ruled by the emperor (last one was Moctezuma) Great advances: astronomy and maths.

TENOCHTITLAN

1.2. PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILISATIONS INCAS Located in present-day Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, it grew in the 15th century. Empire hierarchical and ruled by the emperor (last one: Atahualpa) Their language was called Quechua.

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1.3. PORTUGUESE DISCOVERIES HENRY THE NAVIGATOR promoted a school to encourage sailing methods. The objective of Portuguese was to reach India surrounding Africa. Different stages: MADERIRA, AZORES AND CABO VERDE (from 1418 to 50s) GULF OF GUINEA (70s) BARTOLOMEU DIAS rounded the CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. VASCO DE GAMA arrived CALICUT (India) in 1497.

1.4. SPANISH: CASTILE ENRIQUE III and ISABEL commanded conquest of Canary Island, from 1402 to 1496. The Castilian conquest caused some conflict with Portugal. They signed the Treaty of Alcaçovas (1479), because of it the Spanish explorations should go towards the Atlantic Ocean.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS He thought that the Earth was a sphere and there was a route to reach China throught out the west. He needed money so he asked to Portugal, but thee king did not accept. He met the Catholic Monarch and signed CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA FE (april 1492): Columbus would become Admiral of the Ocean and Governor-General of the discovered lands. The territories would be under Castile´s sovereignity.

COLUMBUS VOYAGES FIRST VOYAGE (August 1492 to march 1493): He departed from Palos de la Frontera with Pinta, Niña and Santa María. 12th october 1492 arrived to San Salvador. He thought he had arrived to India, he called Indias. They discovered Cuba (Juana) and San Salvador (La Española).

COLUMBUS VOYAGES SECOND VOYAGE (september1493 to june 1496): He departed from Cadiz with 17 ships. Explored Caribbean islands: Puerto Rico, Martinica, etc. THIRD VOYAGE (may 1498 to november 1500) First time he explored American continent FOURTH VOYAGE (may 1502 to november 1504) He explored the Central American coast.

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COLUMBUS VOYAGES Columbus´discoveries caused discussions with Portugal. Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) fixing a line that divided the conquests.

AFTER COLUMBUS VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA discovered the Pacific Ocean in the Isthmus of Panama (1513) FERNANDO DE MAGALLANES and JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO completed the first circunmnavigation of the Earth. Magallanes died in Philippines (1521), one year later Elcano arrived to Sevilla.

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1.5. CONSEQUENCES SOCIAL: Mortal rate rose among nativ popuation due to the wars and diseases like smallpox. Black people were taken from Africa to America as slaves. Mixed population: MESTIZOS: white people and Indians MULATOS: white and black ZAMBOS: black people and Indians.

1.5. CONSEQUENCES ECONOMIC: POLITICAL: New crops arrived to Europe: potato, maize, tomato, etc. New cattle were introduce into America: pig, cow or horse. New trade rutes were created. POLITICAL: 2 great colonial empires were born: Spanish and Portugese.