Oklahoma State University Recent Low Impact Development (LID) Advances and Innovations for Managing Stormwater Quantity and Quality Jason R. Vogel, Ph.D., P.E. Oklahoma State University September 20, 2011

Presentation Outline Brief urban water primer Bioretention cells Pervious pavement Green roofs Rainwater harvesting LID modeling

Advances and Innovations Many of the recent research and application advances and innovations related to LID are in response to specific challenges facing the industry

Urban Water Primer

Oklahoma Water Cycle Variability 40% evapotranspiration 10% runoff 33% runoff 14% runoff 2% runoff 50% infiltration 15% infiltration 2% infiltration 1% infiltration McCurtain County, OK Oklahoma County, OK Texas County, OK From US EPA 52% evapotranspiration 84% evapotranspiration 97% evapotranspiration Data adapted from Water Atlas of Oklahoma

Bioretention Cells Specific media for water quality improvement Addition of fly ash to bioretention cell media greatly enhances P removal (research by Dr. Glenn Brown at OSU) Enhanced P removal from the addition of aluminum hydroxide (research by Dr. Allen Davis at the University of Maryland.

Bioretention Cells Increased removal of nitrogen from bioretention cells by internal water storage zone Often termed the upturned elbow, plumbing is used to create an anaerobic zone in the bioretention cell; from research by Hunt and others at North Carolina State

Bioretention Cells Increased understanding on the role of plants in bioretention cells Recent research by Smolen and others at OSU has indicated that plant roots can serve as conduits through compost/topsoil after the plants are established in the bioretention cell.

Pervious Pavement Additives for increased strength and freeze resistance Iowa State University indicated that the UltraFiber 500 fiber increased the split tensil strength of pervious concrete by 24%, increased the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete, and also increased the perviousness of the concrete by 240% over pervious concrete without fiber. Also fly ash and other concrete additives can increase strength and/or appearance

Pervious Pavement Nitrogen removal from pervious pavers, designed by Dr. Allen Davis at the University of Maryland Sand or gravel subbase contains a carbon source, such as mulch or shredded newspaper. Piping retains water, creating anoxic conditions. This combination trigger up to 75% nitrogen removal.

Pervious Pavement Use of recycled materials in pervious pavement Recycled glass (ie., Filterpave®) Recycled tires Modular pervious concrete squares Currently in development at OSU by Vogel and others

Green Roofs Research on plants for Oklahoma green roofs Cooperative research between OU and OSU at the National Weather Center green roof is indicating that most Sedum succulents died this summer, while native grasses and wildflowers survived Research by Beitz and others at OSU determined that buffalograss will survive in typical summers with supplemental irrigation

Green Roofs Lighter green roof media Current research by Vogel and others at OSU is designing a green roof media that is 50% lighter than traditional green roof media This will allow for retrofits on more buildings. Plant growth trials will begin in October in a greenhouse simulating July weather

Rainwater Harvesting Better quantification of first flush and PAH’s Current research by Lay and others at OSU is quantifying the first flush and PAHs from different roof types for actual and simulated storms. Better understanding of the first flush could lead to better designs for first flush diverters PAHs have the potential for soil accumulation

LID modeling Online economic assessment tools, Center for Neighborhood Technology The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Social and Environmental Benefits Green Values National Stormwater Calculator: http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/calculator.php It compares green infrastructure (LID) performance, costs, and benefits to conventional stormwater practices.

LID modeling IDEAL (Integrated Design and Evaluation Assessment of Loadings) Object-based watershed model by Woolpert, Inc. in conjunction with OSU Emeritus faculty a user-friendly, intuitive model that operates on the best available science in stormwater treatment. Vogel currently teaching special topics graduate class on IDEAL

LID modeling SUSTAIN (System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and Analysis INtegration Model) EPA model; includes cost analysis; available at http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/wq/models/sustain/ a decision support system to facilitate selection and placement of Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Low Impact Development (LID) techniques at strategic locations in urban watersheds. SUSTAIN has seven modules: Framework Manager, BMP Siting Tool, Land Module, BMP Module, Conveyance Module, Optimization Module, Post-Processor

Summary Recent research and application advances and innovations related to LID are in response to specific challenges facing the industry Bioretention cells Pervious pavement Green roofs Rainwater harvesting LID modeling

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