New Worlds for All Colin Calloway

Why Empires? Why Then? Important developments in Europe Rise of modern nations United under one ruler Large militaries Government bureaucracies and taxation systems Revolutions in ways of thinking Renaissance (arts and culture) Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution (science and technology, philosophy, political ideology) Protestant Reformation (religion)

Spain and Its Empire (New Spain) King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Tightly controlled empire, land based, urban. 250,000 Spaniards emigrated to America in the 16th century Enrich the Crown, spread the Catholic faith Encomienda system Treatment of Native Americans Peoples of Mexico Aztecs The Triple Alliance, 1428 Hernan Cortes, 1519 Class structure Gender roles Distribution of population Religion

France and Its Empire (New France) Looking for the Northwest Passage A trading empire (furs, fisheries) 1520s-1665, under constant siege Healthful environment, plenty of schools, hospitals, churches (nuns) By c. 1700, French expansion from Canada to Louisiana threatened English colonies Treatment of Indians Less cruel than other European powers Intermarriage Trade networks/cultural exchanges Offered citizenship rights to those who converted to Catholicism

The Netherlands and Its Empire (New Netherlands) Mercantile Credit Interimperial

The Iroquois/The Five Nations The League, 1520s Horticultural Camps/Villages/Towns Male and female leadership Ideas about property and reciprocity The Mourning Wars/ The Beaver Wars Location Trade Disease The Covenant Chain Neutrality

European Tools and Indian Renaissance Copper pots Iron knives woolen cloth and blankets fishhooks needles and thread guns glass beads

The Columbian Exchange Americas to Europe: Maize Potatoes Peanuts Squash Peppers Beans Tomatoes Europe to the Americas Grains (rice, wheat, barley, oats, rye) Onions Cabbage Peaches Domesticated animals (horses, pigs, cattle, goats, donkeys) Diseases

Partial list of diseases thought to be cured by tobacco Asthma, dropsy, ringworm, scabs, scrofula (tuberculosis), old sores, ulcers, wounds, contusions, bruises, excessive phlegm, venomous bites, breast afflictions, carbuncles (boils), flatulence, labor pains, menstrual periods, halitosis, headaches, helminthiasis (parasitic worms), rheumatism, tumefactions (swellings), toothache, plant poisoning, scurf (scaly, flaky skin), excessive bleeding, abscesses, wounds caused by arrows, colds, stomachaches, constipation, kidney stones, eczema, cancer, colic, gout, indigestion, rabies, sciatica, syncope (fainting), cataracts, dysentery, diseases of the uterus, facial inflammations, tonsillitis, epilepsy, burns, deafness, consumption, corns, warts, hemorrhoids, fevers, nose bleeds, venereal diseases. Source: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

European Diseases and Their Consequences Smallpox Bubonic plague Influenza Yellow fever 75 – 95% of population wiped out Unable to mount an adequate defense against European invaders

Diplomacy European-Indian Alliances Problems with diplomacy Europeans to gain power, Indian tribes to maintain power Problems with diplomacy Questions of authority Language barrier

Captives Both sides took war captives Violent, brutal raids on a civilian population Europeans killed, enslaved, or ransomed their captives Indians killed, ransomed, or assimilated their captives Often served as unofficial ambassadors in diplomatic relations

The Reverend John Williams