WRITING SKILLS Shiraz, Iran, May 1th , 2013

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Presentation transcript:

WRITING SKILLS Shiraz, Iran, May 1th , 2013 Well it is a pleasure to be here. Thank you Dr Rashidi for that nice introduction and thanks to the colleagues for inviting me to come to this congress. And thank you to the society for considering Theranostic an important part of your future. I used to give lectures two years ago at the Nuclear Medicine Congresses on “Nanotechnology and nuclear medicine”. We have decided to present this subject that many of you may have either not heard of, or are just becoming familiar. I must to do over the 10 minutes. Shiraz, Iran, May 1th , 2013

انگلیسی ساده Plain English هنر استفاده از زبان انگلیسی برای رساندن مخاطب به مقصد و درک مطلب با یک بار خواندن Topic sentences

کوتاه نوشتن ایجاز در ارائه مطلب با استفاده از جملات کوتاه ، خلاصه و فشرده. ترجیح خوانندگان : حداقل تعداد لغات در جملات و پاراگرافها. ترجیح سردبیران: مقالات کوتاه ( محدودیت فضای مجله) جملاتی بیش از 30 کلمه یا دو خط تایپی ، بلند محسوب می شوند (snaky sentences ).

نوشتن شفاف و روشن استفاده از کلمات با معنی روشن و عدم نیاز به تفسیر. After six days, the symptoms had improved. After five days, the symptoms had abated.

مبهم و گنک ننوشتن عدم استفاده از کلمات مبهم و کیفی : higher, lower, decreased, increased دقیقا اشاره به میزان کمی تغییر ایجادی. The treatment group did better than the control group (p <0.005)

عدم تکرار عدم استفاده از جملات کلیشه ای و تکراری . شکل و جدول و متن باید مکمل هم باشند. در مقدمه و بحث بجای ردیف کردن مطالعات دیگران به ترتیب و با یک اسلوب ، سعی شود نتایج با هم ترکیب شده و به صورت مقایسه ای مطلب ارائه شود. از تکرار مواد و روشها در قسمت یافته ها و نیز تکرار یافته ها در قسمت بحث اجتناب شود.

عدم تراکم عدم تمایل در خواندن صفحه ای مملو از اختصارات ، اعداد، اسامی فنی و p value

شروع پاراگراف با جمله اصلی در بردارنده هدف اصلی نویسنده در هر پاراگراف. جمله آخر هر پاراگراف ، پایان بخش مفهوم آن پاراگراف ، به طوری که که خواننده بتواند به افکارش سامان دهد.

روان بودن مطلب استفاده از قیود اتصال. نحوه چیدن لغات.

مقایسه ها را کنار هم آوردن There were more cases of esophageal cancer in our follow up study of patients with Barret’s esophagus than there were cases of gastric cancer. Patients with Barret’s esophagus were more likely to develop esophageal cancer than gastric cancer.

کوتاه نوشتن Sexual assault against a child presents a significant problem to society and there is much evidence that sexual assault impacts negatively on the psychological development of children. Sexual assault has a negative impact on the psychological development of children. به دنبال هم آوردن چندین اسم (word salad ) برای خواننده غیر انگلیسی زبان مشکل ساز است. Doctors workload reduction program Program to reduce the workload of doctors.

اعدادو فرمول ها اعداد کوچکتر از 10 به حروف , مگر اعشاری باشد. In the study group, nine patients underwent PCI. اعداد بزرگتر از 10 به عدد. There were 320 participants in this study. عدم شروع جملات با عدد: در صورت اجبار شروع با حروف . Forty percent of participants had diabetes . در یک جمله ، یک عدد بالای 10 و دیگری زیر 10 : هر دو را به عدد بنویسید. In the study, 18 boys and 9 girls had insomnia. شروع اعداد کوچکتر از 1 با صفر The p value was 0.020

اعدادو فرمول ها عدم فاصله بین عدد و علامت درصد در سمت راستش In total , 45% of patients had diabetes. وجود فاصله قبل و بعد از علائم ریاضی +،- ، = ، ± وجود فاصله بین عدد و واحد پس از آن. The mean height of the group was 175 cm. برای بیان درصد ، چنانچه تعداد کل بیشتر از 100 ، رقم درصد را تا یک رقم اعشار و کمتر از 100 باشد ، بدون اعشار. In our sample of 245 children , 11.8% had diabetes. In our sample of 58 children, 10% had diabetes. تعداد کل کمتر از 20 ، عدم استفاده از درصد برای نشان دادن کسری از آن. In our sample of 15 children, 3 had diabetes.

اعدادو فرمول ها استفاده از نمادهای مخصوص کوچکتر مساوی (≤) و بزرگتر مساوی (≥). خط انداختن ممنوع. حدود اطمینان با سه روش نشان داده می شود. (2.3-1.4) (2.3، 1.4) 1.4 to 2.3 در اعداد منفی ، to بهتر -1.4 to -2.3 میانگین و انحراف معیار به سه روش: 39.4(SD 18.5), 39.4(18.5) 39.4 ± 18.5

عبارات اختصاری ABBREVIATION پسندیده ولی نه در عنوان CT, DNA, AIDS , EKG بار اول ، شکل کامل سپس اختصار. mm,cm از همان ابتدا اشکال ندارد.

گرامر صحیح اسامی مفرد ( data, media, formula, criterion, child ) و اسامی جمع (datum, medium, formulae, criteria , children ). فاعل انسانی یا غیر انسانی: (show, demonstrate, indicate, suggest, support, confirm, imply, need) فقط فاعل انسانی : ( observe, record, compare, identify, describe, see, speculate, conclude, believe, know , collect, aim )

زمان فعل در بخشهای مختلف مقاله مقدمه: زمان حال برای شرح وقایع پذیرفته شده علمی It is known that …; there is no evidence that … زمان گذشته برای توضیح اهداف و فرضیات Therefore, we investigated whether … مواد و روشها : زمان گذشته Participants were recruited from یافته ها : زمان گذشته برای ارائه یافته ها We found that … زمان حال برای ارجاع به جدول و شکل Figures 1 shows that بحث: زمان حال برای پاسخ به سوالات Our findings suggest that … زمان حال برای بحث درباره متون علمی Evidence from cohort studies shows that … زمان گذشته برای بحث درباره یافته های این مطالعه

انتخاب درست کلمه No case, subjects, asthmatics, diabetics ; use participants, asthmatic patients , patients with diabetics. No male, female: use men , women. No level ; use concentration( serum protein concentration) قد و وزن : relation no relationship اشتباه در i.e. (id est ) به معنی that is و e.g ( example gratia به معنی for example : There were six subjects with solid tumors (e.g. breast cancer, lung cancer,) There were four subjects with solid tumors ( i.e . breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer and stomach cancer). عدم استفاده از کلماتی نظیر surprisingly , interestingly , unfortunately

علامت گذاری نقطه: در نام افراد ، مخفف ها و در عنوان لازم نیست. Dr J Aronson, HIV, 8 pm, 70 kg. سه نقطه ( ellipses ). علامت سوال : نادرست در هنگام نوشتن یک جمله پرسشی غیر مستقیم . The patients were asked how often they experienced each of nine symptoms of depression.

علامت گذاری کاما: وقتی که جمله با جمله واره وابسته شروع می شود Before the study begins, you should be able to write a well-developed study question. وقتی جمله با یک قید ربطی آغاز می شود. However, it is not known whether treatment of patients earlier in the course of MS is of value. وقتی یک جمله واره صفتی غیر ضروری ، درون یک جمله واره مستقل یا در پایان جمله قرار می گیرد. The concept of self-management, which is based on patient autonomy, is problematic. در دو طرف بدل Iron deficiency , the leading cause of anemia worldwide, is most frequently caused by occult blood loss. جدا کردن موارد در لیستی از اسامی یا صفات .

علامت گذاری دو نقطه و نقطه ویرگول معرفی لیستی از اسامی: We collected data from the following centers: Tehran, Shiraz, Bushehr, Kaki, Dyeilam and Gonabad. گاه در عنوان برای افزودن یک زیر عنوان شرح دهنده : Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Bushehr province: new trends in incidence and prevalence نقطه ویرگول : قویتر از ویرگول ولی ضعیف تر از نقطه. Mean age was 53.4 years; 51.5 were women.

Some points The patients were referred from the neurology department  to our center for the assessment of brain  If this is the official department title (as listed in the hospital directory), it should be capitalized. If this is the official department title (as listed in the hospital directory), it should be capitalized. Use abbreviation if more than 2 times a term is repeated during a manuscript. There is an activity with more intensity  in the stomach wall than in the heart on both stress …. There is an activity with more intensity in the stomach wall than in the heart on both stress …’. When you use “more”, you must indicate ‘more than what’

Bushehr Sunset