Environmental Science 010 Water Academy for Lifelong Learning Environmental Science 010 Water Frank M Parker, III PE, DEE 11/14/2018 fparker3@calicheltd.com

Water [H2O]

Definitions Water: Fresh Water: Salt Water: Brackish Water: Brine: a transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, H2O, freezing at 32°F or 0°C and boiling at 212°F or 100°C, that in a more or less impure state constitutes rain, oceans, lakes, rivers, etc Fresh Water: Water lacking a large amount of salt. Inland water, as ponds, lakes, or streams, that is not salt. Salt Water: Water containing a large amount of salt. Seawater. Brackish Water: Slightly salt; salty or briny. Distasteful; unpleasant. Brine: Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt. A salt and water solution for pickling.

Definitions Salt: A crystalline compound, sodium chloride [NaCl] occurring chiefly as a mineral or a constituent of seawater, and used for seasoning food and as a preservative; Any of a class of chemical compounds formed by neutralization of an acid by a base; An element that gives liveliness or pungency. A sailor, esp. an old or experienced one.

Water Availability Over 70% of our Earth's surface is covered by water; 97.5% of all water on Earth is salt water; 2.5% as fresh water  Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland; most of the remainder is present as soil moisture, or lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater not accessible to human use.  < 1% of the world's fresh water (~0.007% of all water on earth) is accessible for direct human uses. This is the water found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and those underground sources that are shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable cost. Only this amount is regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefore available on a sustainable basis.

Average Annual Precipitation

Water Cycle

Global Water Cycle [km3/Year]

Storage Zones

Water in the Human Body

Pollution Transportation

Pollutants & Water Dissolved; Suspended; Mixed; Chemical Reactions; Atmospheric Deposition; Eutrophication;

Sources of Water Pollution Sewage & Wastewater; Industrial Effluents; Spills; Leaks; Dumping; Atmospheric Deposition

Sewage & Wastewater Biological Waste; Nutrients; Household Chemicals; Pathogens; Medications; Radioactive Materials; Solids/Sediments.

Industrial Effluents Reactive Chemicals; Heavy Metals; pH Changing Chemicals; Heat; Large Volumes; Solids/Sediments;

Spills Oil Spills; Transportation by-Products; Runoff into Streams; Soil Saturation; Industrial/Agriculture Operations; Ground Water Contamination.

Leaks Underground Storage Tanks; Pipelines; Petro-chemical Plants; Food Processing Plants; Industrial/Agricultural Operations

Dumping At Sea; In Streams; On Land

Atmospheric Deposition Naturally Occurring [Volcanoes]; Industrial/Agricultural Operations; Aircraft; Via Precipitation [Rain, Snow, fog, etc.]

Acid Rain