Quarter 1 Exam Study Guide Review

What is the role of the cell membrane? separates the cell from external environment; regulates what enters and exits

Why is the cell membrane referred to as selectively permeable? It only allows some substances to enter & exit the cell

What is the job of the rough ER? modifies and packages proteins into vesicles; abundant in cells that produce a large amount of protein for export

What makes up the cell membrane? A Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol, carbohydrates, and proteins

What is the function of lysosomes? clean up crews of the cell; contain powerful enzymes

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton? shape and organization, transport

What are cilia and flagella? cilia move materials past the cell and flagella enable cells to move

Cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm Which Four structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm

What organelle converts sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars? chloroplasts

If a cell requires a large amount of energy, what organelle would it have a lot of? mitochondria

What is the main function of the cell wall? To protect and support cells such as Plants, fungi, and bacteria

What are the differences between plant & animal cells?   Plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall, have a rectangular shape, and have a one central vacuole

What is the function of the Mitochondria?   converts chemical energy in food into useable energy

How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar? Both contain DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

What is the correct sequence of organization in the body? ATOMS-MOLECULES- ORGANELLES-CELLS- TISSUES-ORGANS-ORGAN SYSTEMS-ORGANISMS

Why is blood considered to be a tissue? IT IS A GROUP OF CELLS WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM A CERTAIN FUNCTION

What structure is a good example of the interrelatedness of the circulatory and respiratory systems? What is its function in the body? CAPILLARIES; allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move across their walls

What does it mean to say cells are differentiated? Different cells perform different jobs that they are specialized to; they have a particular function in the body

How is the structure of a red blood cell important to its functioning? to deliver oxygen to body tissues, its shape allows it to move easily through narrow blood vessels

Cite an example of how two different tissues in the body work together as part of an organ in the body. Heart- muscle, blood, and nerve Stomach- muscle, connective, nervous, blood, and epithelial tissues

Can organs from one system play a role in other systems as well Can organs from one system play a role in other systems as well? What does this indicate about relationships between organ systems? yes; the smooth functioning of a multicellular organism depends upon the organ systems of that organism cooperating with each other Ex> nutrients and oxygen are distributed by circulatory system, while wastes are eliminated by urinary and respiratory systems

Why Can’t the cells of a multicellular organism survive on their own the way a unicellular organism can? The smooth functioning of a multicellular organism is the result of all its various parts working together; a unicellular organism exhibits no differentiation and must carry out all functions alone to survive

What is a polar covalent bond? Give an example. Bond with uneven distribution of electrical charges; water

4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules. Why is carbon special? 4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules.

Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>a meniscus Define adhesion. Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>a meniscus

What are the two ways to make and break polymers? dehydration synthesis is the removal of water to make a chemical bond. For example, glucose + glucose  maltose + water hydrolysis is the addition of water to break a chemical bond. For example, maltose + water glucose + glucose.

What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do? What will happen if this enzyme is not at an “optimum “ temperature or pH? Helps eliminate carbon dioxide from our bodies; it can denature, or lose its shape and ability to function

What factors affect enzyme activity? temperature, pH

What are the two types of energy storage polysaccharides? Starch & glycogen

What type of molecule is H2O? Polar

What are the different types of polysaccharides??   cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

Because electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom in a water molecule, what partial charge does oxygen acquire? negative

3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid What is the structure of a fat? What class of macromolecules do fats belong to? 3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid

Cellular energy source What is ATP used for? Cellular energy source

What is glucose broken down to after the process of glycolysis? pyruvate

Where does ATP store its energy? Phosphate bonds

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP

How many ATP are produced once cellular respiration of a single glucose molecule is complete? 36