Social inclusion approach Tulasi Sharan Sigdel tsigdel@gmail.com tsigdel@nasc.org.np Dy. Director of Studies Nepal Administrative Staff College PhD Student, KU & NCCR North-South

Some arguments ‘For & Against’ समावेशी प्रावधानले निजामती सेवाको गुणस्तर ह्रास गर्‍यो। समावेशीको सट्टा ती समूहलाई सशक्तीकरण गर्नुपथ्र्यो, अनि पो गुणस्तरमा सम्झौता गर्नुपर्ने थिएन। जसका लागि समाबेसीको प्रावधान राखिएको हो, त्यो लक्षित समूहसम्म पुग्दै पुगेन र यसमा तिनै समूहका 'एलिट कब्जा' भयो। ढिलो-चाँडोको कुरा मात्रै हो, निजामती सेवा पनि बहुसांस्कृतिक हुनुपर्छ l समावेशीको कोटा छुट्याउनुको सट्टा सशक्तीकरण गर भन्नुको अर्थ तिनलाई जाऊ दिन्न भने बराबर हो। उनै उम्मेदवारले पटक-पटक अवसर लिएको विषयमा आपत्ति गर्नु झलक्क हेर्दा स्वाभाविक लाग्छ। तर यसको यतिबेला आवश्यकता र औचित्य दुवै छ। Source: कान्तिपुर, प्रा. कृष्ण पोखरेल, August 28, 2014 कक्षाकोठामा छलफलका लागि परिमार्जित गरी प्रस्तुत गरिएको l 11/14/2018 NASC 2015

Preamble: Good governance act 2064 Whereas, it is expedient to make legal provision in relation to good governance by making public administration of the country pro-people, accountable, transparent, inclusive and participatory and make available its outcome to the general public; upon adopting the basic values of good governance like rule of law, corruption–free and smart (lean or smooth) administration, financial discipline, and efficient management of public work and resources to create situation for providing public services in speedy and cost-effective manner; by bringing into execution (enforcement) of the right of the citizens upon having good governance by translating it to practical reality; …

Inclusive governance Democracy, good governance and modernity cannot be imported or imposed from outside a country. Emile Lahoud Aid can work where there is good governance, and usually fails in its absence Lee H. Hamilton Accountability, responsiveness, integrity, and gender equality and social inclusion are the major components of inclusive governance NASC 2014 11/14/2018

Understanding governance World Bank (1991) the process in which power is exercised for the management of a country's economic and social resources for development UNDP (1997) exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage the country’s affairs at all level UNDP (2004) the complex of mechanisms, processes, relationships, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations, and mediate their differences ©NASC, 2014

Understanding… Structure and agency debate Turke (2008) Structure Actor Synthesis ©NASC, 2014

NASC 2015 11/14/2018

The context problem in picture!! Why we fail? The context problem in picture!! NASC 2015 11/14/2018 Source: Matt Andrews; Limits of institutional reform in development 2013

Problem with reforms as signals Adopted with little reflection on context Involvement of champions but not the distributing agents who implement reforms Deliver ‘results’ but ‘what people see is not what people get’ NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Inclusive governance Accountability Responsiveness Integrity Gender equality and social inclusion NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Inclusive governance: concept Accountability- being answerable for decisions, actions and behaviours towards people Integrity-being honest and fair. Responsiveness: responding with empathy, courtesy and pro-activeness to people and their needs. Social exclusion-systemic denial of rights, privileges and social systems Social inclusion-removal of institutional barriers to overcome exclusions GESI- approach to mainstream Women, Poor and Excluded (WPE) NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Forms of social inclusion/exclusion Class based Caste and ethnicity based Gender based Language based Religion based Area based Age based NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Need for inclusive development Physical weakness Vulnerability Isolation Poverty Powerlessness Identity and recognition Education NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Paradigms: Social inclusion/Exclusion The Solidarity Paradigm Dominant in France and influenced by the work of Rousseau “Exclusion is the rupture of a social bond between the individual and society that is cultural and moral ... the poor, unemployed and caste/ethnic minorities are defined as outsiders” (de Haan, 2000) Exclusion, according to Rousseau, produced “outsiders” and divided society. Inclusionary measures emanate from this analysis have in mind the objective of re-establishing social solidarity based on a common humanity. NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Paradigms... The Specialization Paradigm Based on the work of Hobbes and dominant in the United States Individuals have specialist skills to contribute in society and that their identity as citizens arises from their unfettered ability to contribute to the good of society. It assumes; individuals are able to move across boundaries of social differentiation and economic division of labour. NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Paradigms... Cont... Liberal models of citizenship emphasize the contractual exchange of rights and obligations ... exclusion reflects discrimination, the drawing of group distinctions that denies individuals full access to or participation in exchange or interaction. Causes of exclusion are often seen in uninformed rights and market failures (de Haan, 2000). NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Paradigms... The Monopoly Paradigm Influenced by Weber’s work Argument: “the social order is coercive, imposed through hierarchical power relations. Exclusion is defined as a consequence of the formation of group monopolies [which] restrict access of outsiders through social closure” (de Haan: 2000). NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Why issue of inclusion important? People felt that upon the emergence of Nepal as a nation-sate in 1768, the political process became exclusive prerogative to high-caste Hindu groups (Joshi and Rose, 2004). The cultural groups and many caste/ethnic groups feel deprived and discriminated in political process. Even after the emergence of democracy, the exclusionary practices continued NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Cont… State resources were captured by an exclusive group though the country is the mosaic of different caste/ethnic groups. Poverty is rampant and concentrated in certain group and areas People feel that certain groups are far behind because they are excluded from the mainstreaming development process. NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Empowerment for inclusive development ASSETS & CAPABILITES INSTITUTIONS Elites Middle POOR & SOCIALLY EXCLUDED Livelihood Empowerment Mobilization Empowerment: “… and to engage, influence & hold accountable the institutions that affect them.” Increased influence NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Inclusive development: inclusion and empowerment Social Inclusion: changes – at the system level – in the external institutional environment or the rules that determine distribution of assets, capabilities and voice necessary for WPE to exercise agency. Empowerment: changes – at community level – in the internal self-perception and sense of agency of citizens’ including WPE and their access to assets, capabilities and voice. Negotiation for more inclusive & equitable development Gender and socially inclusive citizens’ rights to development NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Social justice approach to promoting inclusiveness Macro-micro the nature and ordering of social relations, the formal and informal rules which govern how members of society treat each other on a macro level and at a micro interpersonal level Sameness and difference social injustices, although interrelated throughout locales, emerge and grow differently in diverse contexts and circumstances NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Cont… Redistribution and recognition The politics of recognition, emphasized by various feminist, communitarian cultural studies, queer, (dis)ability, postcolonial, psychoanalytical, and poststructuralist theories, take issue with the presuppositions put forth by this redistributive vision of social justice. NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Visualization of Fraser’s justice model Micro/ Macro Sameness and difference Recognition and redistribution NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Nepalese case Caste, ethnic and gender relationship helps to understand contemporary economic, political and social exclusion processes within a historic perspective Horizontal inequality and injustice are hotly debated than the issues of vertical inequality and injustice Empowerment and equity based approach to social inclusion is needed NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Important features of inclusive development Spatial exclusion reflected through disparities in development Gender-based exclusion manifested in ‘gender and development’ indicator Caste/ethnicity-based exclusion of specific castes, communities, indigenous people, religious communities and nationalities NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Nepal’s efforts to inclusive development Engendering development policies, plans and programs Increasing participation of the excluded groups in policy/decision making through proportional representation and reservation Promoting socially inclusive legal provisions Improving access to resources, services and opportunities NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Constitutional provision to social inclusion Women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic groups [Adivasi Janajati], Madhesi communities, oppressed groups, the poor farmers and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in state structures on the basis of principles of proportional representation. - Fundamental rights Interim constitution of Nepal, 2063 NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Responsibilities of the state Article 33 (c) states that it is the state responsibility to adopt a political system which fully abides by the universally accepted concepts of fundamental human rights, sovereign authority inherent in the people and supremacy of the people, social justice and equality etc. The directive principle of the constitution states that preventing the concentration of available resources and means of the country within a limited section of society, by making arrangements for equitable distribution of economic gains based on social justice NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Inclusive approach to development Social inclusion is one of the four pillars of the Nepal Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)/Tenth Plan It has incorporated inclusion of women, children, Dalits, Adibasi Janajati and senior citizens, as well as separate policies and programs of human rights NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Cont... Major development partners have now incorporated social inclusion as a core pillar in their assistance strategies Empowerment and social inclusion play complementary roles in promoting equity of agency and sustainable prosperity for all. NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Cont… Inclusive service delivery Inclusive governance Improving access to health Improving access to education (scholarship) Budget allocation for dalit, janajatis and women at VDC level Inclusive governance Local development groups and mandatory representation of excluded groups Provision of local project selection committee in the absence of elected representatives Affirmative action NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Way ahead Positive discriminatory policy Focus to the poor (i.e. class based equity and social inclusion) Action orientation Empowerment and capability approach Constitutional provision (needed?) Implementation, implementation and implementation NASC 2015 11/14/2018

Thank You NASC 2015 11/14/2018