15 The Muslim Empires

The Ottoman Empire’s Growth and Decline ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Ottoman Empire Osman (1280-1326); leader of Osman Turks At first peaceful, pastoral people Osmanli (Ottoman) dynasty Byzantine Empire weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, 1204 Orkhan I (1326-1360) attacked across the Bosporus into the Balkans Murad I (1360-1389) Reduces the Byzantine emperor to a vassal Janissaries Battle of Kossovo, 1389 Bayazid I(1389-1402) Mehmet II (1451-1481) Constantinople, 1453

Expansion of the Empire Selim I (1512-1520) Consolidate control over Mesopotamia and Northern Africa Pashas collected taxes Decline in the seventeenth century

Turkish Expansion in Europe Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520-1566) Belgrade, 1521 Battle of Mohács, 1526 Vienna, 1529 Turkish defeated by the Spanish at Lepanto, 1571 Vienna, 1683

Nature of Turkish Rule Sultan Harem (Private domain of the sultan) Evolution from bey to sultan Topkapi Palace Harem (Private domain of the sultan) Place of women in the harem depends on giving birth to sons Women of the harem often exercised influence Members of the harems were often slaves Educated and trained like Janissaries in the Devshirme Harem made up of extended family; few used for sex Grand Vezir, the chief minister Provinces and districts governed by officials who combined civil and military functions Senior officials assigned land by the sultan

Religion and Society in the Ottoman World The Ottoman ruling elites were Sunni Muslims Claimed the title of caliph Had to uphold the Shari’a, Islamic Law Sufism Non-Muslims Social classes Position of women

Ottomans in Decline Battle of Carlowitz, 1699 Reasons for decline Administrative system began to break down Changes in the devshirme system Corruption Material affluence and impact of western ideas and customs Weak rulers

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, ca. 1683 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Ottoman Art Pottery, rugs, textiles, jewelry, arms, armor, and calligraphy Architecture Santa Sophia and Blue Mosque in Istanbul Tiles and mosaics; new glazed tile Silk industry; rugs

The Safavid Shah Ismail (1487-1524) Was Sufi Seized much of Iran and Iraq, 1501 Sent Shi’ite preachers into Anatolia Ottomans attack Shah Abbas I the Great, 1580s Safavid forced to move capital Safavid reach the zenith of their glory Problems following Abbas the Great

Safavid Politics and Society Used Shi’ism as a unifying force Pyramidal political system, shah at the top Economy of commerce and manufacturing Safavid Art and Literature Isfahan Textiles Silk weaving Painting

Interior of Blue Mosque. Located in Istanbul, Turkey ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Mughal Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Grandeur of the Mughals Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”? Babur (1483-1530) Captures Delhi in 1526 and thus control of the northern plains Humayun (1530-1556) Was forced to flee in 1540 Recaptures Delhi in 1555 Akbar (1556-1605) Expansion under Akbar Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization Religious tolerance Din-I-ilahi (Divine Faith) Administration Legal system

Twilight of the Mughals Jahangir (1605-1628) In early years strengthened central control Court falls under influence of one of his wives Shah Jahan (1628-1657) Killed all his rivals when he came to the throne Expanded the boundaries Growing domestic problems Taj Mahal Augangzeb (1658-1707) Reforms and religious intolerance Rebellions Reasons for collapse Draining of the imperial treasury Decline in the competence of Mughal rulers Loosely knit principalities Unwillingness of the wealthy to accept authority

Impact of Western Power in India The Portuguese arrived first The English arrive at Surat in 1608 Send an ambassador in 1616 Fort William (Calcutta) Dutch and French Joseph François Dupleix Pondicherry Continued English activities Sir Robert Clive British East India Company Battle of Plassey, 1757 British began to consolidate control Effects of British control

India in 1805 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Society and Culture under the Mughals Daily life Position of women Mix of Hindu, Muslim, and tribal practices sati Women in commerce Hindus efforts to defend themselves Commercialization of India Mughal Culture Islamic combined with Persian and indigenous influences Architecture The most visible achievement The Taj Mahal; Humayun’s mausoleum

Royal reception hall at Red Fort in Agra ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Humayun’s tomb at Agra ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Discussion Questions What factors contributed to the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire? Compare and contrast the nature and challenges of imperial government in the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires. What role did religion play in Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal government? What was the impact of the presence of Western powers in India?