Endocrine, Immune and Lymphatic systems Eq: How do organ systems work together to enable an organism to maintain homeostasis?

The Endocrine system

Functions Just as the nervous system controls body functions, so does the endocrine system… But instead of using neurons (nerve cells) to carry messages, the endocrine system uses glands and chemical messengers called hormones to send messages

Functions of the Endocrine system Regulates functions within body Communicates changes within the body with hormones

Organs/Glands of the endocrine system Pituitary gland The “master” gland Helps regulate activity of other glands Found within brain Produces growth hormone

Organs/glands of the endocrine system Thyroid gland Located in front of the trachea and below the larynx “Bow tie” Secretes hormones that regulate growth and energy usage

Organs/glands of the endocrine system Pancreas Left side of center, near stomach Secretes insulin. Regulates the amount of sugar in the blood

Organs/glands of the endocrine system Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Produce adrenaline (epinephrine) Heart rate and force are increased, blood pressure rises, and blood flow to the skeletal and cardiac muscles is increased

Hormones As the body's chemical messengers, hormones transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Although many different hormones circulate throughout the bloodstream, each one affects only the cells that are programmed to receive and respond to its message. Hormone levels can be influenced by factors such as stress, infection, and changes in the fluid and minerals in blood.

The immune system

Functions of the immune system Your body must constantly protect itself against pathogens (anything that causes disease/illness), that are trying to invade it. Luckily, your immune system is your body’s built-in defense system.

first lines of defense Your skin is your first line of defense. Your top layer of skin is made of dead cells and many pathogens have a hard time finding a live cell to infect. In addition, your skin cells are constantly sloughing off, and any pathogen attached to a dead skin cell will flake off as well.

first lines of defense In addition to skin, your mouth , eyes and nose are a first line of defense. A pathogen trying to enter the body through these organs are destroyed by enzymes or mucous.

Failure of first lines Sometimes, the skin is cut and pathogens attempt to invade the body. The body attempts to maintain homeostasis by increasing blood flow to the affected area (bleeding) in an attempt to keep as many pathogens out of the body as possible. The increased blood flow also bring cells that belong to the immune system to fight the pathogens

The immune system The immune system is a system that fights the pathogens. It is not located in any one place in the body. It is not controlled by any one organ. It is a team of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to keep you safe from invading pathogens.

Cells of the immune system The immune system consists mainly of three kinds of cells: Microphages: a cell that engulfs and digests pathogens. T-Cells: coordinate with the immune system and attack infected cells B- Cells: immune system cells that make antibodies

Responding to a virus

How viruses fool your cells into making new Viruses 1. A virus attaches to a host cell. (All viruses have some type of protein on the outside coat that "recognizes" the proper host cell.) 4. The enzymes make parts for more new virus particles 2. The virus, or a virus particle, enters or releases its genetic instructions into the host cell 5. The new particles assemble the parts into new viruses. 3. The injected genetic material gives instructions to the host cell's enzymes 6. The new virus particles leave the host cell, ready to infect other cells

The Lymphatic system

Functions of the Lymphatic system The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. The endocrine system and the lymphatic system are quite alike because just as the endocrine system secretes chemicals called hormones that go straight into the blood stream, the lymphatic system, a system of vessels, carries a fluid called lymph. Lymph is a clear, watery fluid containing protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances throughout the body. The lymph is the major pathway for the circulation of immune cells and immune signals It’s the (circulatory system for your immune system) !

Organs of the Lymphatic system Lymph Vessels and Capillaries Carry and collect lymph through the body

Organs of the Lymphatic system Bone Marrow Soft tissue inside the bones Makes red and white blood cells, including lymphocytes, that help your body fight pathogens Produces B Cells that make antibodies against disease

Parts of the Lymphatic system Lymph Nodes Small, bean-like masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). Concentrated in the arm pits, neck and groin.

Parts of the Lymphatic system Thymus Produces T-cells (attack cells) from lymphocytes that help fight infections in the body.

Parts of the Lymphatic system Spleen Largest lymphatic organ Stores and produces lymphocytes

Parts of the Lymphatic system Tonsils Lymphocytes on the tonsils trap pathogens that enter the throat.

Mystery Pathogen EQ: How do organ systems work together to enable an organism to maintain homeostasis?

Mystery Pathogen You are a team of doctors who has been presented with a patient suffering from an unknown ailment caused by an unknown pathogen. As a team, you are to use the clues given above to identify the mystery pathogen. You will need to: Correctly identify the Mystery Pathogen List suggested treatments for the pathogen Use your notes, the anchor notes and the suggested websites to complete your research on the G.U.E.S.S. sheet. Time is of the essence! You have until the end of class tomorrow to complete your research and present your findings to the rest of the medical center. Findings presentations tomorrow @: 3rd period: 11:07 5th period: 1:31 1st period: 3:25 Presentations should include: Reading your scenario Rejected diagnoses The diagnosis made by the team Treatment plan for the patient