Parengė: rez. I. Varanauskaitė Konsultavo: dr. O. Gustienė

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Presentation transcript:

Parengė: rez. I. Varanauskaitė Konsultavo: dr. O. Gustienė Metabolinis sindromas - kas naujo? (nuo genetikos iki medikamentinio gydymo) Parengė: rez. I. Varanauskaitė Konsultavo: dr. O. Gustienė

Kas yra metabolinis sindromas? Sąvoka egzistuoja daugiau nei 80 metų 1923: Kylin describes the clustering of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and gout 1947: Vague establishes a relationship between “android” obesity and metabolic abnormalities associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease 1967: Avogaro, Crepaldi, et al. document the simultaneous presence of obesity, hyperinsulinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hypertension 1988: Reaven describes the “Syndrome X” 1989: Kaplan and the “deadly quartet” (upper body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridaemia, and hypertension) 1991: DeFronzo and Ferrannini describe the “insulin resistance syndrome” 2001: the term“metabolic syndrome” is coined for the first time by the WHO

Metabolinis sindromas ir ŠKL rizika: In the Atherosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study, 12 089 individuals (mean age 54  5.7 years) had an average of 11 years of follow-up. 31.4% of men and 32.0% of women had the metabolic syndrome at baseline as defined with revised NCEP/ATP III criteria (inferior limit for impaired fasting glucose 100 mg/dL). Among the male participants without diabetes or CVD at baseline, the crude incidence rate of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) during follow-up was 138.4/10 000/year for those with metabolic syndrome and 92.3/10 000/year for those without metabolic syndrome. The equivalent crude incidence for women was 57.5 versus 22.7. Among the male participants without diabetes or CVD at baseline, the crude incidence rate of stroke during follow-up was 24.6 /10 000/year for those with metabolic syndrome and 18.1/10 000/year for those without metabolic syndrome. The equivalent crude incidence for women was 19.0 versus 8.5. As shown on this slide, the relative risk of CHD or stroke in the participants was 50% more in men and twice in women. In both sexes, the risk increases with the increase of the number from 1 to 4 of the components of the metabolic syndrome (figure not shown). Among the component of the metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure and low HDL-cholesterol exhibited the strongest association with the risk of CHD. Schmidt MI, et al. (ARIC study) Diabetes Care 2005;28:385-390.

Metabolinis sindromas jauniems asmenims Metabolinio sindromo kriterijai (pagal ATP III ir TDF) nustatyti 7,6 - 9,6 % paauglių

Diagnostikos kriterijai: Pasaulio sveikatos organizacija (PSO) Tarptautinė diabeto federacija (TDF) - Nacionalinis cholesterolio įvertinimo projektas, Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) Kiti Efforts of these various organizations reflect an attempt to provide criteria which can be used by clinicians in patient evaluation and treatment.

Metabolinis sindromas: apibrėžimas TDF, 2005 Padidėjusi liemens apimtis + du kiti požymiai ↑ Tg ≥ 1,7 mmol/l ↓ DTL-Ch < 1,03 mmol/l (vyrams) < 1,29 mmol/l (moterims) AKS ≥ 130/85 mmHg Gliukozė plazmoje nevalgius ≥ 5,6 mmol/l ar diagnozuotas 2 tipo cukrinis diabetas NCEP ATP III, 2001 3 ir > požymių Centrinis nutukimas >102 cm (vyrams) >88 cm (moterims) ↑ Tg ≥ 1,7 mmol/l ↓ DTL-Ch <1,0 mmol/l (vyrams) <1,3 mmol/l (moterims) AKS ≥ 130/85 mmHg Gliukozė nevalgius ≥ 6,1 mmol/l Naujausioje MS klasifikacijoje pagrindiniu MS komponentu laikomas pilvinis nutukimas Šiame apibrėžime liemens apimties riba nurodoma gerokai mažesnė negu kitose rekomendacijose vyrams – ≥94 cm ir moterims – ≥80 cm moterims (europiečiams). Taip pat pateiktos liemens apimties vertinimo ribos pagal etnines ypatybes Kinijos, Japonijos ir Pietų Azijos gyventojams. Siūloma atkreipti dėmesį ir į kitų svarbių požymių, iki šiol neįtrauktų į metabolinio sindromo diagnostikos kriterijus, vertę: pakitusio kūno riebalinio audinio pasiskirstymo, aterogeninės dislipidemijos, endotelio disfunkcijos, protrombozinės ir prouždegiminės būklės. Siūloma atkreipti dėmesį ir į kitų svarbių požymių, iki šiol neįtrauktų į metabolinio sindromo diagnostikos kriterijus, vertę: pakitusio kūno riebalinio audinio pasiskirstymo, aterogeninės dislipidemijos, endotelio disfunkcijos, protrombozinės ir prouždegiminės būklės. Studijų duomenimis, metabolinis sindromas taip pat gali būti susijęs su daugeliu veiksnių ir būsenų, neįtrauktų į diagnostikos kriterijus – su padidėjusia šlapimo rūgšties koncentracija kraujyje, serumo viskoziškumo, homocisteino pagausėjimu, padidėjusia apolipoproteino B ir C III koncentracija, nealkoholiniu kepenų suriebėjimu, obstrukcine miego apnėja, kiaušidžių policistoze, mikroalbuminurija 9

Metabolinis sindromas: susiję metaboliniai pokyčiai Centrinio tipo nutukimas Hiperglikemija, hiperinsulinemija/rezistencija insulinui Aterogeninė dislipidemija Arterinė hipertenzija Protrombozinė ir prouždegiminė būklė Mikroalbuminurija Policistinių kiaušidžių sindromas Miego apnėja Hiperurikemija Nealkoholinė kepenų steatozė

Liemens apimtis ATP III TDF 102 cm 94 cm 88 cm 80 cm

Liemens apimties matavimas Matuoti virš crista iliaca dex. horizontaliai, pradedant nuo vidurio pažasties linijos Matavimo juostelė neturi įsispausti į odą, turi būti lygiagreti grindims NHANES III, 1996

Antsvoris/nutukimas: pasaulinė epidemija >1 mlrd. suaugusiųjų pasaulyje: - 2002 m. turėjo antsvorio1 - KMI >25 kg/m2 Mažiausiai 300 mln. yra nutukę 2 - KMI >30 kg/m2 1- World Health Organization. Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health, 2003. Available at: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/gs_obesity.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2003. 2- International Obesity Task Force. Available at: http://www.iotf.org. Accessed November 13, 2003.

Rezistencija insulinui: sutrinka daugelio sistemų veikla Riebalinis audinys Padidėja NLRR ir adipokinų išskyrimas Raumenys Mažėja gliukozės sunaudojimas Kepenys Didėja gliukozės gamyba, sutrinka lipidų apykaita Endotelis Endotelio funkcijos sutrikimas

Riebalinis audinys: endokrininis organas Rezistencija insulinui  Riebalų  LRR  TNF , IL-6, leptino, rezistino  adiponektino

Metabolinis sindromas: rezistencija insulinui Jautrumas insulinui priklauso nuo: Riebalinio audinio kiekio 25 - 30% Fizinės būklės 25 - 30% Genetinių veiksnių 40 - 50%

Angliavandenių apykaitos sutrikimai Atlikus GGTM, galimi 4 rezultatų variantai: Norma Sutrikusi glikemija nevalgius Gliukozės tolerancijos sutrikimas Cukrinis diabetas Prediabetas

Angliavandenių apykaitos sutrikimų eiga Nediagnozuotas CD Prediabetas Nustatytas CD Rezistencija insulinui Insulino sekrecija Glikemija po valgio Glikemija nevalgius Mikrovaskulinės komplikacijos Makrovaskulinės komplikacijos Ramlo-Halsted BA, Edelman SV. Prim Care. 1999;26:771-789

Metabolinis sindromas: genetika 19

Metabolinis sindromas: genetika Iš MS sudėtinių dalių labiausiai paveldimas DTL-Ch (50–60%) mažiausiai – sistolinis kraujospūdis (6–18%) Paveldėti bendrieji ir mutavę genų aleliai – skatina ligos vystymąsi arba nuo jos apsaugo Įvairiose etninėse grupėse MS paplitimas skiriasi “Vakcina”: tinkama mityba, svorio korekcija ir pakankamas fizinis aktyvumas Lin H-F, Boden-Albala B, Juo SH, et al. Heritabilities of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the Northern Manhattan Family Study. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 2006-12.

Aterogeninė dislipidemija

Prouždegiminė ir protrombozinė būklė Didėja uždegimą skatinančių citokinų gamyba:  IL-6  C-reaktyvusis baltymas (CRB)  TNF a  rezistinas  adiponektinas  PAI-1  fibrinogeno

Uždegimas dalyvauja įvairiose aterosklerozės stadijose 23

hypertensio primaria II° (R-4), TLK E78 Syndromum metabolicum: adipositas, diabetes mellitus t.2, hypertensio primaria II° (R-4), dyslipidemia ir tt.

Metabolinio sindromo gydymas: tikslai Šalinti priežastį Antsvorio ir nutukimo mažinimas Fizinio aktyvumo didinimas Koreguoti su metaboliniu sindromu susijusias būkles: Angliavandenių apykaitos sutrikimus Hipertenziją Protrombozinę būklę Aterogeninę dislipidemiją ir kt.

Metabolinis sindromas: gydymas Aterogeninė dislipidemija: statinai, fibratai, nikotininė rūgštis, omega-3 riebiosios rūgštys Protrombozinė būklė: fizinis aktyvumas, aspirinas Rezistencija insulinui: metforminas, TZD (pioglitazonas), inkretinai (eksenatidas) Glikemijos kontrolė Nutukimo gydymas

Rezistencijos insulinui mažinimas: metforminas Gerėja Mažėja Jautrumas insulinui1,2 Fibrinolizė3 Mikrocirkuliacija4 Endotelio funkcija4,5 Lipidų rodikliai Glikemija1,2 AGE susidarymas6 Svoris Oksidacinis stresas7 Aterogenezė8 Didėja krešulio stabilumas3 Metformin: multiple mechanisms for vascular protection Clinical and experimental studies have identified a range of mechanisms that probably contribute to the cardiovascular protection afforded by metformin. These include: Improved insulin sensitivity, blood glucose control and lipid profiles (especially  triglycerides) Improved fibrinolysis, reducing the risk of an intravascular thrombus Beneficial effects on the microcirculation, including improved post-ischaemic blood flow and reduced risk of the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon occurring post-myocardial infarction Improved endothelial function. Direct inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE), and the associated oxidative stress induced by these toxic metabolites Reduction of fibrin cross-linking, so that intravascular blood clots can be more easily cleared by the endogenous fibrinolytic system Reduced oxidative stress, arising from the actions of hyperglycaemia on mitochondria Inhibition of early steps in atherogenesis, including reduced expression of adhesion molecules by the endothelium, reduced binding of inflammatory cells to the intraluminal vascular surface, and inhibition of infiltration of inflammatory cells into the vessel wall and foam cell formation. The net result of these actions are consistent with improved vascular outcomes. 1. Giannarelli R, Aragona M, Coppelli A, Del Prato S. Reducing insulin resistance with metformin: the evidence today. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S28-35; 2. Després JP. Potential contribution of metformin to the management of cardiovascular disease risk in patients with abdominal obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2003:29:6S53-61; 3. Grant PJ. Beneficial effects of metformin on haemostasis and vascular function in man. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S44-52; 4. Wiernsperger NF, Bouskela E. Microcirculation in insulin resistance and diabetes: more than just a complication. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S77-87; 5. Schafers RF. Do effects on blood pressure contribute to improved clinical outcomes with metformin? Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S62-70; 6. Beisswenger P, Ruggiero-Lopez D. Metformin inhibition of glycation processes. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S95-103; 7. Leverve XM, Guigas B, Detaille D et al. Mitochondrial metabolism and type-2 diabetes: a specific target of metformin. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S88-94; 8. Mamputu JC, Wiernsperger NF, Renier G. Antiatherogenic properties of metformin: the experimental evidence. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S71-6. Mažėja ŠKL rizika Diabetes Metab (2003): 1Gianarelli R vol. 29:6S28-35; 2Després JP 29:6S53-61; 3Grant PJ ;29:6S44-52; 4Wiernsperger N 29:6S77-8; 5Schäfers RF 29:6S62-70; 6Beisswenger 29:6S95-103; 7Leverve XM 29:6S88-94; 8Mamputu JC 29:6S71-6;

Nutukimo gydymo nuorodos KMI (kg/m2) Gydymas 25-26.9 27-29.9 30-34.9 35-39.9 >40 Dieta, fizinis aktyvumas + Farmakoterapija Esant kitoms ligoms Chirurginis gydymas Guide for selecting obesity treatment This table summarizes the guidelines for selecting treatment options for obesity [1]. Any effective treatment plan must consider the patient’s willingness to undergo therapy, his/her ability to comply with specific treatment approaches, access to skilled caregivers, and financial considerations. Lifestyle modification, which involves a program of appropriate diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy, should be considered for all patients with a body mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m2. Long-term pharmacotherapy should be considered in appropriate patients who were unable to achieve adequate weight loss after 6 months of lifestyle therapy and who have a BMI 30 kg/m2, or 27 kg/m2 with concomitant obesity-related disease. Bariatric surgery may be necessary in patients with severe obesity who failed to lose weight with non-surgical therapy. Eligible surgical candidates should have a BMI 40 kg/m2 or a BMI 35 kg/m2 and a concomitant serious obesity-related disease. The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. October 2000, NIH Pub No 00-4084. The Practical Guide: Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. October 2000, NIH Pub. No.00-4084

Ar yra skirtumas? 170 cm Ūgis 90 kg Svoris 31.0 KMI

Kūno masės indeksas – ar visuomet atspindi nutukimą? KMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 – antsvoris KMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 – nutukimas (NIH, PSO) Nutukimas – kūno riebalų masė (KRM) 5 % viršija vidutinę KRM to amžiaus ir lyties grupėje: Moterys yra nutukę, kai KRM sudaro >25–30 % kūno svorio Vyrai yra nutukę, kai KRM sudaro >20–30 % kūno svorio National Institutes of Health (NIH). Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Washington, DC. Government Printing Office 1998.

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Kompiuterinė tomografija ir branduolinis magnetinis rezonansas

Nutukimo medikamentinis gydymas Sibutraminas Slopina serotonino, norepinefrino, dopamino reabsorbciją neuronuose. Gali ↑ AKS, ŠSD. Orlistatas slopina riebalų absorbciją (apie 30%), prisijungdamas prie virškinamojo trakto lipazių. Dažni virškinimo veiklos NR. Endokanabinoidinių receptorių antagonistai Rimonabantas – pašalintas iš rinkos dėl sunkaus šalutinio poveikio: depresijos, didėjančios savižudybės rizikos. Nutraukti klinikiniai tyrimai su taranabantu. X S

Ateities perspektyvos “Poly pill” – aspirinas + BAB + AKF inhibitorius + statinas + diuretikas + folio rūgštis vienoje tabletėje.

Išeitis visuomet yra, tik reikia nepamiršti kūrybingumo 36