AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Presidency The Bureaucracy AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Presidency

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy MAX WEBER German sociologist & political economist Bureaucracy is a rational way for modern society to conduct its business. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy According to Weber An effective bureaucracy has: a well defined hierarchy task specialization consistent rules operation by the merit principle impartial treatment of all AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy The Pendleton Civil Service Act Passed in 1883 Created a federal civil service so that hiring & promotion would be based on merit instead of “patronage” - which is the awarding of government jobs based on the “spoils system” AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy The Hatch Act Passed in 1939 Prohibits government employees from active participation in politics while on the job While off duty, can participate, but cannot run for office or solicit contributions AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy In the U.S. Government The Executive branch is large & powerful The most dramatic change has been the creation & growth of the bureaucracy The bureaucracy has been given powers similar to those of Congress, the President & the Courts AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy In the U.S. Government Is present in numerous policy-making capacities Although sometimes controversial, plays a key role in attempts to fill various needs of the public Hated for its presence and image of distance from the people Loved for the creation of jobs and solving large, complex problems AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy 15 CABINET level departments State Treasury Defense Justice Interior Agriculture Commerce Labor Transportation Energy Education Veterans Affairs Health & Human Services Housing & Urban Development AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy “Each of us has some special responsibility of one slice of America . . . I make a list of the real cabinet while I pretend to listen to B drone on.” AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Secretary of the Interior – Secretary of the West (mining and timber companies, cattle ranchers, environmentalists) Secretary of the Treasury – Secretary of Wall Street (bond traders, investment bankers, institutional investors, money managers, the very rich) AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Secretary of HUD – Secretary of Big Cities (mayors, developers, downtown Realtors, minority entrepreneurs, the very poor) Secretary of Agriculture – Secretary of Small Towns (farmers, small-town mayors, rural electrical cooperatives, highway contractors, local chambers of commerce) AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Secretary of Commerce – Secretary of Corporate America (Fortune 500 companies, global conglomerates, top exporters and importers, large trade associations) Secretary of Labor – Secretary of Blue-Collar America (industrial unions, service unions, building trades, unorganized low-wage workers, the shrinking middle-class, the working poor) AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Independent Regulatory Agencies (examples) Federal Reserve Board Federal Communications Commission Securities & Exchange Commission Federal Trade Commission National Labor Relations Board AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Government Corporations (examples) AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Independent Executive Agencies (examples) total of about 45-50 General Services Administration National Science Foundation NASA AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Implementation Translating policy into action, through use of: laws executive orders judicial decisions regulatory rules AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Problems: Bad design Lack of clarity Lack of resources Rules & procedures may be inflexible & unfair Too much administrator discretion Fragmentation (too many groups involved) AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy President tries to control by: appointing the right people to head agencies issuing executive orders altering agency budgets reorganizing agencies AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Congress tries to control by: influencing appointment of agency heads altering budgets holding hearings rewriting legislation AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy MAJOR PROBLEM Agencies controlled by - powerful and interlocking groups - that benefit from the existence of federal programs - sometimes called “capture” AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy BUREAUCRACY CONGRESSIONAL INTEREST GROUPS COMMITTEES (Lobbyists) Iron Triangles AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Examples of Iron Triangles Department of Agriculture - Administers farm programs Agriculture Committees Agri-Business AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Examples of Iron Triangles Department of Energy - Responsible for energy policy and research Energy Committees Oil Industry AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Examples of Iron Triangles Department of Labor - Runs programs regarding workers Education & Labor Committees Labor Unions & Business - Influence depends on party in power AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy The Bureaucracy Examples of Iron Triangles Department of Defense - Consolidation of Departments of War & Navy Armed Services Committees Military Contractors AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy A Warning A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction. Our military organization today bears little relation to that known by any of my predecessors in peacetime, or indeed by the fighting men of World War II or Korea. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy A Warning Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy A Warning This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy A Warning We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy A Warning In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

The Military Industrial Complex We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together. AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy

AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy Who Warned of This? AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS - Bureaucracy