The New Republic Begins

1792 Election Results (16 states in the Union) George Washington Virginia Federalist 132 97.8% John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 77 57.0% George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican 50 37.0% Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 4 3.0% Aaron Burr New York Federalist 1 0.7% Electoral Votes Not Cast --- ----- 6 4.4% Total Number of Electors 132 Total Electoral Votes Cast 264 Number of Votes for a Majority 67

1792 Election Results

Judiciary Act of 1789 Created a judicial structure: Supreme Court 3 federal circuit courts 13 federal district courts State court decisions can be appealed to a federal court… very important

Washington Shapes Executive Branch Cabinet… president’s chief advisers Department of State Thomas Jefferson Department of War Henry Knox Department of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph-Attorney General

Lincoln Cabinet President Lincoln nominated the following gentlemen as his constitutional advisers: William H. Seward, of New York, Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury; Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, Secretary of War; Gideon Welles, of Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy; Caleb Smith, of Indiana, Secretary of the Interior; Montgomery Blair, of Maryland Postmaster - General; and Edward Pates, of Missouri, Attorney-General.

Roosevelt Cabinet President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his Cabinet members. From left to right around the table: Secretary of Agriculture Claude Wickard, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace, unidentified, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, unidentified, Secretary of War Henry Stimson, Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, President Roosevelt, Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, Jr., Attorney General Francis Biddle, unidentified.

Reagan Cabinet

Bush Cabinet

Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict Strong central government Commerce and industry key to a strong nation Support in the north Jefferson Favored strong state and local governments Favored a society of farmer-citizens Support in the south and west

Hamilton vs. Jefferson: John Adams HBO

Hamilton’s Economic Plan Federal government would assume the debts of the states Full payment of foreign debts Full payment of the domestic debt

The National Bank Bank of the United States: Opponents: Funded by federal government and wealthy private investors Issue paper money Handle tax receipts Opponents: No provision in the Constitution Unhealthy alliance between government and big business

Overall Objectives of Hamilton’s Financial Program Establish national credit Encourage manufacturing Provide a sound currency **Favored persons of wealth…but by giving them an economic stake in the new government Hamilton believed he was assuring its success

The District of Columbia Compromise between Hamilton and Jefferson Agree to back the debt plan… and the nation’s capital will be moved to Virginia (or what is now Washington, DC)

The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Protective tariff Import tax on goods produced in Europe Excise tax Tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution Whiskey producers in western PA refuse to pay tax and threaten to secede Federal troops scattered the rebels Importance: Set precedent for use of federal power in domestic affairs

Whiskey Rebellion: Video

Reaction to the French Revolution Democratic-Republicans supported France Federalists backed the British President Washington issued a declaration of neutrality

Jay’s Treaty In 1793, the British captured more than 250 American ships trading in the French West Indies. Called for Britain to pay damages for American ships seized Compromise: 1. Americans had to pay debts to British merchants owed from before the Revolution 2. Britain agreed to give up forts it still held in the Ohio Valley

Washington’s Farewell Address 1796…he retired 1. remain neutral in relations with foreign countries 2. warned Americans to avoid becoming involved in European affairs

Rise of Political Parties Split in Washington’s cabinet Parties formed around a key issue of power and size of federal government Federalists… strong central government Democratic-Republicans… strong state governments Saw political parties as a threat to national unity Washington warned Americans that parties would lead to “jealousies and false alarms”

Differing Views Manufacturing or Farming Federal or State Governments Economic backbone of country? Federal or State Governments Which should have more power? Strict or Loose Interpretation of Constitution Make all laws “necessary and proper”? Britain or France Foreign policy…which ally?

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union) John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 71 51.4% Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 68 49.3% Thomas Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 59 42.8% Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 30 21.7% Samuel Adams Massachusetts Federalist 15 10.9% Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut Federalist 11 8.0% George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican 7 5.1% Other - - 15 10.9% Total Number of Electors 138 Total Electoral Votes Cast 276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1796 Election Results Adams Jefferson

XYZ Affaire Because of neutrality and Jay’s Treaty… French hostility Adams sends negotiators to Paris… French demand $250,000 bribe before talks began Result: Anti-French sentiment in US

XYZ Affaire: Video

Alien and Sedition Acts Alien Acts Raised residence requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years President could deport or jail any alien considered undesirable Sedition Act Set fines and jail terms for any person who uttered or wrote “false, scandalous, and malicious” statements against government Democratic-Republicans outraged

Nullification States have right to nullify, or cancel federal law KY and VA Resolutions…each state has right to “judge for itself” constitutionality

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union) Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 73 52.9% Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 73 52.9% John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1% Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4% John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7% Total Number of Electors 138 Total Electoral Votes Cast 276 Number of Votes for a Majority 70

1800 Election Results Adams Jefferson

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)  1 vote for each State  Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5% Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican 4 25.0% Blank ------- 2 12.5%