Advanced Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles

Historic Powertrains

Historic Powertrains

Historic Powertrains

Historic Powertrains

Current Powertrains

Current Powertrains Diesel Engines Natural Gas Engines Propane Engines Gasoline Engines

Future Powertrains are right around the corner! VVG has benefited from CARB regulations that promote the newest emission technologies We have a large concentration of NG vehicles in our AOR We developed the expertise to sell and service the NG fleets VVG will again be in the forefront of “future” powertrains because they are just around the corner in California

Future Powertrains Diesel engines running Renewable Diesel Fuel Natural Gas engines running Renewable Natural Gas Alternative Fuel Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Battery Electric Vehicles Hybrid Vehicles Plug in Hybrid Vehicles Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Diesel Engines – Renewable Diesel Fuel Emission levels will continue to advance Largest near current change will be to Renewable Diesel Fuel Most likely to see interest from Municipal users Renewable Diesel is a Bio Diesel made through a different chemical process than current Bio Diesel Renewable Diesel lowers the engine emission levels of CO and PM Current Renewable Diesel is made from Soybean oil in the US Future Renewable Diesel Fuels may be Biomass to Liquid (BTL) using grasses or other plants to create fuel

Natural Gas – Near Zero Near Zero refers to NOX output at 90% lower than EPA 2010 specs Cummins ISL G NZ is a Near Zero engine now In 2018, the ISL G NZ becomes the L9N due to a name change No substantial hardware changes Familiar product recognized in the marketplace Cummins sells this as the least expensive path to get to Near Zero Infrastructure for fueling is in place Longest operating mile range of the NZ choices

Natural Gas Near Zero – Renewable Natural Gas Cummins NZ engines now can run on Renewable Natural Gas Renewable Natural Gas is made from food or waste sources – landfills or organic waste Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) scores look at the entire emission cycle from “well to wheel” NZ engines running on RNG produces “well to wheel” GHG reductions similar to battery electric propulsion

Other alternative fuels for ICEs Propane! Propane qualifies for an alternative fuel in some areas. You can buy and S2G from Freightliner with a propane system installed

Battery Electric Vehicles - BEV No Internal Combustion Engine Batteries and Electric motor drive Fuso E Canter is producing 50 vehicles this year. Lease only 62 mile range with full charge Eight hours to full charge on 230 VAC single phase Two hour charge with Chademo 50KW DC charger 15995 lb GVWR 6615 lb curb weight for cab and chassis Lowest “well to wheel” GHG emissions

Hybrid vehicles Like a Prius! Hybrids use an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and an electric motor powered by batteries to propel the vehicle Batteries recharge on deceleration by turning the electric motor into an electric generator ‘Regenerative braking” saves on foundation brakes as well The ICE can be smaller because it does not have to supply all the power to move the vehicle

Hybrid vehicles operating modes

Hybrid vehicles use the best characteristics of both systems ICEs generate a modest amount of torque starting off idle ICEs produce their best fuel economy, torque and performance near peak torque RPM Electric motors develop their highest torque just above zero RPM Electric motor torque drops off as RPM increases Hybrid uses the best of both systems to optimize MPG Hybrids can use a smaller engine tuned to run at Peak efficiency Hybrids produce less GHG because they burn less fuel

Hybrid vehicles use the best characteristics of both propulsion sources

Plug In Hybrid Plug In Hybrid uses BEV and Hybrid technology Plug Ins use a larger battery than a standard hybrid Plug Ins use AC power from the grid to charge the larger batteries overnight Plug Ins have a larger range of operation on battery only than a hybrid Plug Ins can take advantage of more regenerative braking and more dual mode operation to further extend the MPG

Farther in the future powertrains

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Fuel Cells generate electricity from a Chemical reaction No fuel is burned The “exhaust” from the fuel cell is water and heat Vehicles carry a pressurized refillable tank of Hydrogen Fuel cells get the Oxygen needed for the chemical reaction from the air The chemical reaction occurs in an electrolyte composed of precious metals

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Hydrogen Fuel Cells Most Hydrogen is generated from Natural Gas using high temperature and pressure steam processes Hydrogen is extremely light even when pressurized, so weight of fuel in a vehicle is never a challenge Hydrogen must be pressurized to between 5,000 psi and 10,000 to store enough fuel for a reasonable commercial range. This pressure requirement means fiber wound highly reinforced tanks Fueling a Hydrogen Fuel Cell vehicle is no more difficult that fueling CNG

Questions?