Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction Period 4

Patterns of Long-Distance Trade Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Patterns of Long-Distance Trade Silk roads Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin Trans-Saharan caravan routes Development of trading cities, emporia Local devastation caused by nomadic invasions, but trade network expanded Example: Mongols in China, thirteenth century Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Marco Polo (1253–1324) Example of long-distance travel Traveled to China with merchant father, uncle Entered service of Mongol Khubilai Khan Returned to Venice after 17-year absence Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice–Genoa conflict Great influence on European engagement with Far East Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Period 4

Political and Diplomatic Travel Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Trade required diplomatic relations after 1000 C.E. Muslims recognized as common enemy of Mongols and Christians, thirteenth century Mongols invited by Pope Innocent IV to convert to Christianity Mongols’ counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction Rabban Sauma Nestorian Christian priest sent to pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem Did not win European support Conversion to Islam of new ilkhan of Persia, Ghazan, in 1295 Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Ibn Battuta (1304–1369) Islamic scholar, worked in government positions during extensive travel Used his travel experience to be an Islamic judge As qadi, meted out strict punishments according to sharia Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft Unable to convince women of Maldive Islands to cover themselves Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Missionary Campaigns Sufi missionaries travelled throughout new Muslim territories, 1000–1500 C.E. Christian missionaries accompanied and followed crusaders Roman Catholic priests travelled east to serve expatriate communities John of Montecorvino travelled to China in 1291 Translated Biblical texts; built churches Was not successful in converting many Asians but maintained Christianity in China Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Cultural Exchanges Songs and stories—troubadours European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world Magnetic compass from China Spread of Crops Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton Sugarcane Muslims introduced crystallized sugar to Europeans Demand increased rapidly Europeans used Muslim precedent of having large populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations Period 4

Gunpowder Technologies Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Gunpowder Technologies Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder Chinggis Khan used trebuchet gunpowder bombs Technology reached Europe by mid-thirteenth century from Mongol Russia (Golden Horde) Crisis and Recovery “Little ice age,” ca. 1300 C.E. Decline of agricultural output led to widespread famine Bubonic plague spread from southwest China Carried by fleas on rodents Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese interior Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Spread of Plague Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west 1346, Black Sea ports 1347, Mediterranean ports 1348, western Europe Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area: buboes, hence bubonic 60–70% mortality rate, within days Extreme northern climates less affected India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected Period 4

Social and Economic Effects Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Social and Economic Effects Massive labor shortage Demand for higher wages since there was an worker shortage Population movements to get better wages Governments attempted to freeze wages, stop serf movements Riots resulted as the landowners reasserted control over serfs Since 1940s, bubonic plague has been controlled by antibiotics No area was untouched Major depopulation in all areas: Europe, Middle East and China Period 4

Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Collapse of Yuan dynasty, 1368 Departure of Mongols, weakened by the bubonic plague Emperor Hongwu Impoverished orphan raised by Buddhist monks; worked through military ranks Proclaimed new Ming (“brilliant”) dynasty, 1368–1644 Ming Centralization Reestablishment of Confucian educational system Execution of minister suspected of treason, beginning tradition of direct rule by emperor Reliance on emissaries called mandarins Heavy reliance on eunuchs Could not build hereditary power base Centralized structure lasted through Qing dynasty to 1911 Period 4

Economic Recovery and Cultural Revival Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Economic Recovery and Cultural Revival Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation systems Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk as well as domestic trade Did not seek to trade outside borders Attempted to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture Emperor Yongle commissioned 23,000-roll Yongle Encyclopedia Discouraged any Mongol cultural ties: dress, language, food, religion Period 4

Recovery in Europe: State Building Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Recovery in Europe: State Building Political authority rested with regional states No large empires, but the emergence of modern day countries like Italy, France, Russia, Germany and England England and France fought the Hundred Years’ War over land Russia paid tribute to the Mongol Golden Horde for 250 years New taxes developed Italian states: bonds France: salt tax, sales tax England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax Large standing armies established French Louis XI (1461–1483) had army of 15,000 Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Spain Fernando of Aragon married Isabel of Castile, 1469 Major political and economic alliance Completed reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian peninsula to Italy Funded Columbus’s quest for China Russia As Mongol power waned, Russian princes sought territorial expansion Process of “gathering the Russian land,” mid-fourteenth century 1480, Grand Prince Ivan III (Ivan the Great, r. 1462–1505) stopped paying tribute to khan Moscow as center of powerful state Impressive territorial annexations Period 4

Recovery in Europe: The Renaissance Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Recovery in Europe: The Renaissance “Rebirth” of classical culture Sponsored by wealthy patrons of the Italian city states Italian artists’ use of perspective Work with real human anatomy and musculature Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) Architecture: domed cathedrals Imitation of Roman domes The Humanists Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536)—critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin texts, often ignored in monastic libraries Period 4

Exploration and Colonization in China Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Exploration and Colonization in China Ming dynasty hesitant to have large foreign populations Allowed small populations in port cities Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount seven massive naval expeditions, 1405–1433 Placed trade under imperial control Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty Successful, but aborted as Mongols presented new threat in the north All the naval maps and ship building was left to rot and be forgotten Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Period 4

European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans Motives different than Chinese: profit, missionary activity Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) seized Strait of Gibraltar, 1415 Began encouragement of major Atlantic voyages Italian investors footed the bill for sugar planations Colonization of the Atlantic Islands Madeiras, Azores Islands, etc. Investments in sugarcane plantations Exploration of west African coast Volume of slave trade dramatically increased Ultimately, some 12 million Africans deported to Americas for slave labor Period 4

Chapter 21 Expanding Horizonsvof Cross-Cultural Interactions Indian Ocean Trade Attempts to avoid using Muslim middlemen in trade with east 1488, Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Cape of Good Hope 1497–1499, Vasco da Gama sailed this route to India and back Portuguese gun ships attempted to maintain trade monopoly Beginnings of European imperialism in Asia Christopher Columbus Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean Portuguese considered his proposal impractical, reject it Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrote voyage; departed in 1492 Made landfall in San Salvador Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia Period 4