Integrate modules sustaining our oceans Image Credit – Michelle Kinzel, Photographer, 2006 Unit 5 Oceans In Protection – Marine Protected Areas

What is a ‘Marine Protected Area’ versus a ‘Marine Reserve’? A Marine Protected Area (MPA) is “any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.” A Marine Reserve is a type of marine protected area that has legal protection against fishing or development. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/11/141117-marine-reserves-map-protected-areas-oceans-science/ Definitions and Comparisons of Marine Protected Areas and Marine Reserves While all Marine Reserves are MPAs, not all MPAs are marine reserves.

How Marine Reserves and Networks Protect Oceans Networks of marine reserves that protect different habitats can also protect species at various life stages. Networks can provide insurance against environmental catastrophes. Reserves have more biomass (abundance of plants and animals), and density (number of plants and animals per given area) and diversity (number of species). Fish and invertebrates grow older and bigger and produced more young Some adults, juveniles and larvae move out of the reserve and reproduce elsewhere. This spillover helps outside fisheries to thrive. Figure 1. Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Oceans. 2000. University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015 Use to cover the main types of scientific information that will be presented biomass, density and diversity. Also good to cover functionality of marine reserves and how and why they work to increase oceans sustainability. Because disturbance to the bottom is not allowed, bottom habitats are diverse and healthy

Marine Reserves If the ocean is like a debit account where everybody withdraws but nobody makes a deposit, marine reserves are savings accounts that produce compound interest. Figure 2. Infographic created by Michelle Kinzel Another way to think about and describe Marine Reserves Simulated Marine Reserve Before and After Protection Enforcement

Benefits of Marine Protected Areas -Protect entire ecosystems; habitat and ecosystem function protected from destructive human activity - 3 levels of biodiversity protection: ecosystem, species and genetic - Provide resilience to protect against potentially damaging external impacts, such as global warming and ocean acidification http://www.mpatlas.org/learn/why-do-we-need-mpas/ Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015 Cover with class the major benefits of Marine Reserves, this slide addresses levels of protection as well as listing the scientific data that has been collected which points to the effectiveness of Marine Protectet Areas. The 3rd bullet point is a major tie in with the other Units in this module – touching upon global warming and ocean acidification. Species benefits include increases in the diversity, density, biomass, body size and reproductive potential of fish and other species within their boundaries.

Far Reaching Effects of Marine Reserves Fished Area Primary Effect – More Lobsters 0.12/m2 0.002/m2 Predator = Lobster Secondary Effect – Fewer Urchins 2.4/m2 32.8/m2 Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015. Evidence and example of how Marine Reserves impact areas beyond their borders. Prey = Urchin Cascade Effect – More Kelp Cover 26% Cover 5% Cover Giant Kelp In the Anacapa Marine Reserve off California, marine lobsters keep their urchin prey in check, enabling kelp beds to flourish. Data: Behrens and Lafferty (2004). Marine Ecology Progress Series. Infographic by Michelle Kinzel, 2015.

Global Distribution of Marine Protected Areas http://www.mpatlas.org/learn/what-are-mpas/ Permission Granted by MPAtlas

Scientific Data – Extent of Kelp Cover 13 X Increase Figure 1. www.dfg.ca.gov/marine Public Domain https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conditions-of-Use Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015. Figure 1. Figure 4. Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. 4 X Increase Data: Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies. 2008. Airamé, S. and J. Ugoretz (Eds.). Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas: First 5 Years of Monitoring: 2003–2008.

Scientific Data - Biomass Negative value means biomass was greater outside reserve times more X - times more X - times more Figure 2. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/channel_islands/fiveyears.asp Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015 Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. X - times more Ratio of Fish Biomass Inside Reserve Versus Outside Reserve Biomass = the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time Data: USFWS, 2008

Scientific Data – Carapace Length of Lobsters **Greater %age of smaller carapaces **Greater %age of Larger Carapaces Percentage of each size class Figure 3. Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015 Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. Carapace Length (inches) Legal Size Lobster = 3.25 inches carapace Data: USFWS, 2009

Scientific Data – Age Structure of Population/ Size Class Distribution 30 cm 45 cm 60 cm .36 kg 1.3 kg 3.1 kg Figure 4. Individuals inside the reserve are allowed to grow older and larger, and reproduce more young. Data:Bortone and Williams, 1986. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report Graphic Image Produced by Michelle Kinzel, 2015. Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. 3.4 million 360,000 1.33 million = 100,000 young

Scientific Data – Fish Density (Number Fish per given area) Number of Fish per 100m2 Figure 5. Data https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conditions-of-Use Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015 Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. Fish Species Data: USFWS, 2008.

Scientific Data – Lobster Density Number Lobsters Per Trap Figure 6. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/channel_islands/fiveyears.asp Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015 Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. Location Relative to Reserve Data: USFWS, 2008

Scientific Data – Abundance and Spill Over Effect 39% 61% Figure 7. http://www.piscoweb.org/publications/outreach-materials/science-of-marine-reserves/smr-booklet-versions/international-bookle Data: Micheli, er. Al. (2004). Ecological Applications. Inforgraphic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015. Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. Data: Micheli, et al. (2004). Ecological Applications.

Scientific Data – Fish Dispersal, Evidence of Spillover Effect Fish Species Figure 8. http://www.piscoweb.org/files/images/SMR/SpilloverKM.JPG Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015. Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. Maximum Distance Traveled From Marine Reserve (miles) Data: Kaunda-Arara and Rose, 2004.

Scientific Data – Larval Dispersal The estimated distance traveled by larval before settling in their adult habitats. Seaweeds 0.01  5 km Invertebrates (Plankton) 0.015  500 km Figure 9. Data – PISCO, http://www.piscoweb.org/files/images/SMR/LarvalDispersalKM.JPG Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2005. Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students. Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time. Fishes 1  800 km

Activity - Design A Marine Reserve Larger image of map activity provided for demonstration or additional discussion in class (only if necessary).