Enzyme Action
Warm-up (10-13-15) What is special about carbon compounds? What are the four main carbon compounds?
Outline for the day Objectives Carbon Compound Review
Objectives To review previous knowledge of carbon compounds and their purposes.
Warm-up (10-14-15) What are the four main carbon compounds? Why are carbon compounds essential? Explain what you know about each of the carbon compounds
Outline for the day Objectives Carbon Compound Review
Objectives To review previous knowledge of carbon compounds and their purposes.
Composition Notebook Set up Set up a title page and table of contents Title Page: Carbon Compounds First page after table of contents: Enzyme Action Lab Start with Part 1: label that then make a prediction for part 1, get the tables associated with part 1 glued/taped into your notebooks
Warm-up (10-15-15) Which of the four carbon compounds are enzymes classified as? Explain how enzymes function. Draw a picture if you need to.
Outline for the day Objectives Lab ideals Carbon Compound Review
Objectives To review previous knowledge of carbon compounds and their purposes.
Lab Ideals
Warm-up (10-19-15) Explain how you can see the elements of experimental design in the labquest lab dealing with the factors that affect enzyme activity.
Outline for the day Objectives Enzyme Action Lab Protein structure activity
Objectives To determine and demonstrate the folding structure of proteins and to see how the final structure of the the protein is determined at each individual level of structure
Warm-up (10-20-15) Explain what you can remember about the carbon compound writing assignment in Biology where you had to explain the breakdown of carbon compounds.
Outline for the day Objectives Review carbon compounds
Objectives To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.
Warm-up (10-21-15) Identify some reasons why we have been seeing a decrease in the levels of oxygen even though we should expect to see an increase in oxygen levels during the enzyme action experiment.
Outline for the day Objectives Review carbon compounds
Objectives To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.
Warm-up (10-22-15) Give some reasons why your results are not matching with the ideal results that we would expect to see in this lab. Offer suggestions of how to improve your experimental procedure in order to improve results in the future.
Outline for the day Objectives Review carbon compounds
Objectives To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.
Warm-up (10-26-15) Explain what the substrate was for the enzyme catalase that we used in this lab. Identify what the products of this reaction were.
Outline for the day Objectives Review carbon compounds
Objectives To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.
KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Carbon-based Compounds in living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. Monomers are the individual subunits. Polymers are made of many monomers.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring
Carbohydrates What are they? Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Sugars and starches Can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells Major part of plant cell structure Monosaccharides – most basic Glucose Disaccharides Polysaccharides Polymers of monosaccharides
Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure monomer
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Cellulose vs. Starches and Glycogen Cellulose has different bonding of glucose monomers Starches are made and stored by plants, and can be broken down as source of energy by plant and animal cells Glycogen – made and stored by animals is more highly branched than plant starches
Lipids Nonpolar molecules Fats, oils, cholesterol Contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms Some can be broken down for energy Some are part of cell structure Fats and oils both contain glycerol bonded to fatty acids Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol – triglycerides
Lipids have several different functions. broken down as a source of energy make up cell membranes used to make hormones
Protein folding activity
Protein Structure Worksheet Organic compound worksheet
Warm-up (10-27-15) Explain what the two different types of lipids are and what the function of each one is.
Outline for the day Objectives Carbon Compound notes
Objectives Review Carbon compounds and their functions To explain the structure of proteins and how they are crucial to life
Lipids Saturated Unsaturated Most animal fats Every place that a hydrogen atom can bond to a carbon atom is filled with a hydrogen atom. All single bonds Unsaturated Oils Fewer hydrogen atoms because there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms Double bonds make kinks
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride
Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids
Think about it Why would the kinks in the unsaturated fats be important in living organisms? Think about how those molecules fit together.
Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. Polar phosphate “head” Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” Phospholipid
Proteins Most varied of carbon-based molecules in organisms Polymer made of monomers (amino acids) Molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur 20 different amino acids Our bodies can make 12 Others come from foods Meat, beans, nuts
Amino Acids in Proteins Form peptide bonds Covalent bonds formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid. Through peptide bonds, amino acids are linked into chains called polypeptides A protein is one or more polypeptides Specific sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s structure and function Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet
Generalizations about Proteins Not all proteins contain all 20 amino acids, some amino acids occur either more or less frequently Hydrophobic amino acids: fear water, located on the inside of protein Hydrophilic amino acids: love water, located on outside of the protein
Types of Proteins Globular Fibrous Compact and folded Transport (hemoglobin) Storage (ferritin) stores Fe in liver Defensive (antibodies) Catalytic (enzymes) Messenger (insulin) Fibrous Stretched out Structural (connective tissues) Contractile (myosin of muscle fiber)
Protein Structure 1. Primary structure Amino acid sequence as determined by DNA 2. Secondary Structure local geometric relationships as determined by attraction/repulsion 3. Tertiary structure 3D shape determined by all primary/secondary factors 4. Quaternary structure from multiple polypeptide structures
Enzymes Proteins capable of speeding up chemical reactions Not consumed or irreversibly altered Each reaction type catalyzed by a separate enzyme One enzyme may catalyze thousands of reactions per second Substrate: molecule on which the enzyme acts at a specific location (active site) Bonds are broken/made/altered in substrate Allows enzyme to bind and participate in a catalytic event
Warm-up (10-28-15) Explain the levels of protein structure and which structure determines the shape of the protein.
Outline for the day Objectives Protein folding Carbon compound review
Objectives Review Carbon compounds and their functions To explain the structure of proteins and how they are crucial to life
Enzymes Few enzymes act on single substrate Can be inhibited Most cause a cascade of events Can be inhibited Inhibitor forms a bond with the enzyme, blocks active site Cyanide binds, stops utilization of O2 in mitochondria Competitive inhibitors will bind with the substrate Reaction rate = reaction velocity Measured by decrease in substrate concentration or increase in product concentration.
Reaction Rate: enzymes and substrates Influenced by Temperature: enzymatic rate doubles ten degrees C Optimal is 37 C, body temperature Extremely high temperatures = denature pH: optimum pH depends on each enzyme Curve of activity approximates a bell shape May be active over broad or narrow range Concentration: activity increases sharply at low concentration Not as great at high concentration Will reach a point of no increase Enzyme is saturated
Why does pH denature enzymes? Affect polar and nonpolar intramolecular attractive and repulsive forces that change the shape of the enzyme (active site) Substrate no longer fits Chemical change / reaction is inhibited http://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/bch4053l/enzymes/activity/index.html
Nucleic Acids Provide detailed instructions to build proteins Long carbon-based molecules Polymers made up of nucleotides Nucleotide is composed of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing molecule (base) Only have one function – work together to make proteins Two Types DNA = stores the info for putting amino acids together to make proteins RNA = helps to build proteins
Protein folding http://phys.org/news/2015-10-membrane-protein.html http://www.genengnews.com/Media/images/GENHighlight/Oct19_2015_OregonStateUniversity_Proteins1086225364.jpg
Warm-up (10-29-15) Write down any questions you have about carbon compounds and the enzyme action lab
Outline for the day Objectives Review for Enzyme Action Lab
Objectives Review Carbon compounds and their functions To explain the structure of proteins and how they are crucial to life
Learn More about Proteins! http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/
Warm-up (10-30-15) Write down everything you remember about the enzyme unit. Include details from the lab and what we talked about from our notes
Outline for the day Objectives Test
Objectives To demonstrate knowledge of the enzyme unit by taking the test on enzymes
Warm-up (11-2-15) What are mitosis and meiosis? What is the difference?
Outline for the day Objectives Meiosis and Mitosis Introduction
Objectives To introduce the topic of mitosis and meiosis and begin the description of cell division.
Cell Division