China and the world since the “movement of 4th May” 1919

Part One: China 1911-1934

A note on religion Importance of CONFUCIANISM, a conservative creed, that stressed the importance of family, of authority, of tradition, of hierarchy. BUDDHISM TAOISM The vinegar tasters:

Achievements of the Chinese ‘We possess all things’

Imperial China (221 BC – 1912 AD) First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860.

Imperial China (221 BC - AD 1912)

1911 Revolution Qing’s being “carved up like a melon” was a national disgrace, which Han Chinese could not tolerate Revolutionaries wanted to overthrow the Manchu state “to avenge the national disgrace”, and “to restore the Chinese”

SUN YAT SEN Organised opposition groups began to appear after the Russo-Japanese war. The CONSTITUTIONAL MOVEMENT was a moderate and essentially upper class organization dedicated to liberal reforms, while SUN YAT SEN was rather more radical. Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925)

SUN YAT SEN Educated abroad, he had developed a western political outlook. His group became known as the GUOMINDONG, or the Chinese Nationalist Party. It was based on Sun’s THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE : nationalism, democracy, and the “people’s welfare.”

End of Imperial China PU YI, the last Emperor, 6 years old, abdicated on 12 February 1912. In 1917 he would be briefly restored for 12 days, and from 1932 to 1945 he would be head of the puppet of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo ( Manchuria.)

The Early Republic 1912-1916 Problems: Republicanism wasn’t a mass-movement. Initially it had no armed forces and relied on the ex-Imperial army for its strength The GMD was poorly organised Had little support with the majority – Rural peasants Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)

The Era of the Warlords 1916-1927

May 4th Movement ToV signed 28 June 1919 On the morning of May 4, 1919, student representatives from thirteen different local universities met in Beijing and drafted five resolutions:

May 4th Movement to oppose the granting of Shandong to the Japanese under former German concessions. Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. The Treaty of Versailles transferred the German concessions in Shandong to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Shandong would actually be ruled by a warlord until 1928.

May 4th Movement to draw awareness of China's precarious position to the masses in China. to recommend a large-scale gathering in Beijing. to promote the creation of a Beijing student union. to hold a demonstration that afternoon in protest to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Note: The May 4th movement’s key consequence was the founding of the CCP in 1921.

Chinese Communist Party The United Front 1922-1927 Chinese Communist Party Mao Tse Tung Nationalist Party (Guomindang – GMD) Chiang Kai Shrek

Execution of Communists in Shanghai 1927 The White Terror Execution of Communists in Shanghai 1927

Chiang Kai-Shek became President of Nationalist China, 1928

The Jiangxi Soviet 1928-1934

The Long March 1934 Of the original 87,000 Red Army soldiers less than 10,000 men survived the march. These survivors had marched over 9000 kilometres. The march took 368 days.

Survivors of the March

The Yenan Soviet