Atoms & Elements Molecules Compounds Definition Atoms & Elements Molecules Compounds

Atoms - Subatomic Particles Electrons, Protons, & Neutrons

Atoms

H, O, C & N make up 99+% of the body Elements of Life H, O, N, & C H, O, C & N make up 99+% of the body

Isotopes H, O, N, & C

Radioactive Isotopes H, O, N, & C

Ions H, O, N, & C Cation Anion

Chemical Bonds H, O, N, & C Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen full outer shell rule

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Pairing due to opposite charges Ionic Bonds H, O, N, & C Pairing due to opposite charges

Pairing due to opposite charges Ionic Bonds H, O, N, & C Pairing due to opposite charges

Pairing due to sharing of electrons Covalent Bonds H, O, N, & C Pairing due to sharing of electrons + =

Pairing due to sharing of electrons Covalent Bonds H, O, N, & C Pairing due to sharing of electrons + =

Pairing due to sharing of electrons Covalent Bonds H, O, N, & C Pairing due to sharing of electrons 4 + =

Covalent Bonds H, O, N, & C

Covalent Bonds H, O, N, & C

Hydrogen Bonds H, O, N, & C

Ionic Bonds H, O, N, & C

Hydrogen Bonds H, O, N, & C

Hydrogen Bonds H, O, N, & C High specific heat High heat of evaporation

Hydrogen Bonds H, O, N, & C High surface tension

Hydrogen Bonds H, O, N, & C Excellent solvent (for polar and charged compounds)

Hydrophobic Interactions H, O, N, & C

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Carbon About half the dry weight of cells Single bonds with O, H, N & C Fee rotation Tetrahedral (109.5 bond angle)

Carbon Double bonds with O, N, & C Shorter bond (0.135 nm vs. 0.154 nm) No rotation Planar (120)

Carbon

Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Straight chain Branched Cyclic Aromatic

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Functional Groups

Same number and types of atoms, but arranged differently Isomers Same number and types of atoms, but arranged differently

Different chemical and physical properties Geometric Isomers Differ in arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to double bonds Different chemical and physical properties

Stereoisomers Same bonds, but different configurations

Stereoisomers

Stereochemistry – 3D structure Enzyme – substrate Hormone receptor – hormone Transport protein Neurotransmitter – receptor Antibodies – foreign objects

Water Ionization & pH

Water Ionization & pH pH = -log[H ]

Water Ionization & pH

Water Ionization & pH

Functional Groups