Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization & Global Integration

Factors Leading to Industrialization Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean Access to foreign resources Geographical distribution of coal, iron, timber An abundance of rivers and canals Improved agricultural productivity European demographic changes Urbanization Legal protection of private property Accumulation of capital

Rise of Machines Steam engines and the internal combustion engine made it possible to exploit energy stored in fossil fuels (coal & oil). Fossil fuels greatly increased energy available to human societies.

Rise of Factory System Development of factory system concentrated labor into a single location and increased specialization of labor.

Global Industrialization Industrialization spread from northwestern Europe (England) to the following regions: Other parts of Europe Germany The United States Russia Japan

Second Industrial Revolution Carnegie steel plant, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Industrialization led to new methods in production of steel (above), chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery (interchangeable parts)

New Patterns of Global Trade

Need for Resources Growth of specialized export economies. Understand one of the following: Cotton from Egypt Rubber from the Congo Sugar from the Caribbean Meat from Argentina & Uruguay Decline of agricultural based economies: Textile production in India Silk production in China

Demand for new consumer markets Britain opened up Chinese markets to British goods as a result of the Opium Wars. Other countries, such as France, followed Britain’s lead.

Development of new mining centers Need for specialized metals and global demand for gold, silver, and diamonds led to development of mining centers in South Africa (right Cecil Rhodes founder of De Beers)

New financial institutions Rise of capitalism & liberalism Adam Smith & John Stuart Mill Understand one of the following new financial instruments: Stock markets Insurance Gold standard Limited liability corporations Rise of transnational businesses United Fruit Company

Major developments in transportation & communication Required examples of developments in transportation and communication: Railroads (see map) Steamships Canals Telegraphs

State-sponsored visions of industrialization Understand one of the following state-sponsored visions of industrialization Economic reforms of Meiji Japan Development of factories and railroads (railrays?) in Tsarist Russia China’s Self-Strengthening Movement Muhammad Ali’s development of cotton textile industry in Egypt

Government reforms to mitigate negative effects of industrial capitalism Understand one of the following government reforms: State pensions and public health in Germany Building of welfare state in Bismarck’s Germany Expansion of suffrage in Britain Reform Bill of 1832 Women’s suffrage in 1918 Public education in many nations

Transformation of social structures in industrialized states New social classes Rise of middle class (bourgeoisie) Rise of industrial working class (proletariat) New family dynamics New gender roles Demographic transition Rapid urbanization led to unsanitary conditions