Year 11 Tectonic Landscapes Revision Guide

Tectonic Landscapes Syllabus Requirements World distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes Plate tectonics – the causes of volcanoes and earthquakes Hotspots Characteristics of; Convergent plate boundaries Divergent plate boundaries Conservative plate boundaries Measurement of earthquakes – Mercalli and Richter Scale Definitions of focus and epicentre Why live in areas with volcanic and earthquake activity? Case study Montserrat; Causes of volcanic eruption Impact on people and environment Prediction and prevention of the effects of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes through; Forecasting Building design and defences Planning and education

The Structure of the Earth Complete the boxes to describe the layers of the earth Inner core The crust The mantle The outer core

The Earth’s crust – major plates Can you name the plates and add arrows to show direction of movement What 3 directions to plates move in relation to one another? What are the characteristics of; Oceanic Crust Continental Crust

Destructive (convergent) Boundaries Continental meeting oceanic crust Annotate the diagram below Answer the following questions; Chose two characteristic features of a destructive plate boundary and explain how they are formed (4) Explain why volcanoes occur on destructive plate boundaries (4) Destructive (convergent) Boundaries Continental meeting oceanic crust

Annotate your diagrams to show what is happening at these destrcutive plate boundaries Destructive (convergent) Boundaries oceanic meeting oceanic crust Destructive (convergent) Boundaries Continental meeting continental crust

Divergent (constructive) Plate Boundaries Annotate the diagram below Divergent (constructive) Plate Boundaries

Conservative (transform) Plate Boundaries Annotate the diagram below Conservative (transform) Plate Boundaries

Hotspots A hotspot occurs when magma breaks through oceanic crust, not at a plate boundary Why do they form? How do they change over time? Draw a diagram to show how a chain of islands formed at a hotspot will change over time

Describing the Distribution of…. Tips for describing the distribution; Use the map – name places Look for patterns Are they in bands? Are they in a line? (linear) – use compass points eg most earthquakes are in a linear pattern east of Chicago Are they in a cluster? Are they near a town or city? Do they occur along a coastline? Use this list to describe the distribution of;

What is an Earthquake? Richter Scale; Advantages; Disadvantages Annotate the diagram below to explain what an earthquake is Use the terms focus, epicentre, seismic waves, tension, energy, released Mercalli Scale; Advantages; Disadvantages

Why people live in area with volcanic activity Volcanic soils are very fertile. The lower slope of Mount Manyon are covered with rice fields, coconut plantations and other vegetables. Duirng the last eruption in 1993, 75 people were killed. They were all farmers in the Bonga Valley, it is an area declared off limits by the government. Today 20,000 locals live and farm within the danger zone Many people who live close to Mount Merapi in Indonesia worship acient spirits and believe that the spirits watch over the peak of the mountain and will warn them if there is an eruption. At full moon locals climb the volcano and through rice, jewellery and live animals into the volcano to calm the volcano’s sprits Some volcanos are popular tourist destinations. Mount Etna in Sicily attracts thousands of tourists who travel up to the crater by cable car or four wheel drive cars/ a whole range of different tourist facilities give the local population jobs. Minerals can be found such as silver, gold, copper and diamond can be found in volcanic rock. The money made from selling these minerals outweighs the risk of volcanic activity. Residents in LICs don’t move because they cant afford to. Their livelihoods are based on the life and jobs they have in that area and they do not want to leave family and friends. Answer the following question Explain why people live in areas of volcanic activity (6) Volcanes in Iceland provide very cheap geothermal energy. The energy is so inexpensive that in Reykjavik some of the pavements are heated during the winter time. In 2008 28% of electiricy in Iceland came from geothermal energy People believe that the chance if te volcano erupting is very low. Volcanes can lay dormant for hundreds of years so they may think its worth the risk

Why people live in area with earthquake activity Some earthquake areas like Turkey and Iceland are popular tourist destinations and provide locals with employment People in MICs feel safe in an earthquake zone because of the advances that have been made to earthquake proof buildings. Since 1981 all new buildings in Japan have had to be earthquake proof. It is also common to have disaster plans to tell people in an emergency Some places are known for their beauty and some individucals buy houses in exclusive areas despite the ptential earthquake risk. E.g. Malibu California Landslides, triggered by earthquake tremors have caused loss of lives at numerous mining sites around the world. The people consider the risk acceptable because of the good living they can make. People believe that the chance of them being affected by and earthquake is very low People feel safe as buildings can now be built to be earthquake proof. Eg TransAmerican Pyramid San Fransisco

Predicting an Eruption Preventing the Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Sulphur Dioxide There are 3 ways that have been used to stop or divert lava flows: 1. Bulges . GPS 2. Tiltmeters 3. Seismometers .

Predicting an Eruption Preventing the Effects of Earthquakes Annotate the pictures below to explain how these buildings are earthquake proof How can we predict earthqakes; How can we prevent the impacts from being severe?

One Volcanic erustion you have studied Case Study; One Volcanic erustion you have studied Montserrat 1997 Explain the causes of this eruption (6) Impacts on People Impacts on Environment