Foundations of Rome 7.1

“All roads lead to Rome” “Rome was not built in a day” “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” What does this mean?

Geography of Italy

Founding Romulus and Remus

Etruscans ruled until 509 BC Etruscans governed with a monarchy Romans started a republic elected officials

Rome Social Hierarchy Patricians Plebeians aristocratic families regular people

450 BC Twelve Tables displayed in the Forum written laws central square

Government Three parts Senate Assemblies Magistrates public finances, foreign relations Assemblies citizens who voted on laws Magistrates laws into practice- judges

Consuls two magistrates one year term CEO and commander of army

Censors recorded population and property “census”

Life in the Republic Palatine wealthiest citizens Capitoline temples

Forum shopping, gossip, public celebrations

Roman Army all men aged 17-46 legions 100 men- century

Punic Wars v. Carthage

1st Punic War naval war tactics involved ramming other ship Carthage good at this, Rome not so much

Rome changed tactics put hooks on ships turned naval battles into small land battles Allowed Rome to win the First Punic War

2nd Punic War Hannibal- Carthaginian general leads army through Spain, over Alps, into Italy best known for use of elephants

Hannibal wins every battle on the way to Rome, but can’t take Rome Rome is too well fortified Decides on war of attrition in hopes of destroying Roman economy

Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage

Led by patrician general Scipio Aemilius Africanus Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage

After loss of Second Punic War, Carthage was pretty much done. Hannibal died of suicide economy was ruined all territory was lost to Rome Some Romans, however, feared that Carthage would return to power.

3rd Punic War Cato the Elder pushed for the annihilation of Carthage for good Rome declares war, even though Carthage is pretty much defenseless.

Rome completes the sweep! Carthage is utterly destroyed: citizens sold into slavery all goods carried back to Rome entire city burned to the ground salt sown in the ground to make sure nothing would ever grow again Carthage completely disappeared!!!!!

Republic to Empire 7.2

Gracchi Tiberius and Gaius fought for soldier farmers redistributed public land

Elites rebelled brothers are killed violence becomes political tool

Gaius Marius 107 BC- elected consul accepted anyone into army army became “private forces”

Civil War Sulla v. Marius

Sulla wins and becomes dictator!!! executes those who opposed him

Caesar nephew of Marius popular general

Caesar, Pompey, Crassus “First Triumvirate” 59 BC- Caesar becomes consul

Caesar takes command of army in Gaul (France)- conquers Pompey orders Caesar home, he refuses. Marches toward Rome, declares war as he crosses the Rubicon

Rule of Caesar reduced power of Senate, made enemies Cassius and Marcus Brutus assassinate Caesar on March 15, 44 BC “Ides of March” et tu, Brute

Second Triumverite Marc Antony, Octavian, Lepidus Octavian- “Augustus”- first citizen first Roman emperor expanded empire from Spain to Syria began era of “Pax Romana”

Pax Romana “Roman Peace” lasted for 200 yrs

Pax Romana Emperors Claudius conquered Britain poisoned by wife

Nero killed himself after epic fire in Rome

Hadrian Hadrian’s Wall built to keep northern invaders from Britain

Hadrian’s Wall

Roman Society 7.3

Life for the Rich city home and country home- “villas” running water and baths

Life for the Poor crowded 3-4 story apartments fire = biggest threat “bread and circuses”

Circus Maximus chariot racing

Colosseum

Gladiators- trained fighters who were usually slaves fights most likely ended in death

Public Baths hot and cold pools Used for socialization and Exercise Bath, England

Family Life paterfamilias- family father family head took care of wife, sons with their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves

Achievements Galen physician in AD 100s worked on gladiators

Ptolemy earth was center of the universe

Aqueducts man made channels used to bring water to cities

Roads and Bridges Why were roads so important? move army promoted trade, travel, communication 60,000 miles of road

The Appian Way

Rome’s greatest contribution to engineering is the development of concrete. made large buildings possible http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Pantheon/9013/Gallery.html

Language learned alphabet from Etruscans we use the Latin alphabet of 23 letters plus j,y,w which were added by the English Latin spread because of Roman Catholic Church