Diuretic Therapy.

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Presentation transcript:

Diuretic Therapy

Overview Contrasting uses of diuretics in OR versus Critical Care Lecture sections: - Anatomy & Physiology - Renal Effects of Anesthesia Drugs - Diuretic Drugs by Class - Intra-operative Uses - Adjuvant Therapy

Renal Anatomy Size Regions Functional Unit Blood Supply Tubular Systems Hemodynamics Hydraulics

Structure

Renal Physiology Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Minor functions

Nephron

Tubular segment characteristics

Juxta-glomerular complex

Nephron

Counter-Current Mechanism What is it? How does it work? Why is this so important?

Counter-current mechanism in kidney

Tubular fluid osmolarity

Hormonal Regulation Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) Aldosterone Renin-angiotensin Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Prostaglandins Epinephrine/Nor-epinephrine Dopamine

Anti-diuretic hormone feedback

Aldosterone & renin-angiotensin

Responses to Anesthetic Agents Inhaled agents Intravenous agents Regional anesthesia

Diuretic Classification Osmotic agents Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Loop Diuretics Aldosterone Antagonists Potassium-sparing Agents Thiazide Diuretics Xanthines

Diuretic sites of action

Intra-operative Uses ICP reduction IOP reduction Renal failure prophylaxis Oliguria assessment & treatment General strategies

Rhabdomyolysis Peaked T-waves Myoglobinuria

Causes Muscle trauma/ischemia/exertion Substance abuse Medication Toxins Electrical injury Hyperthermia Infections Transfusions Electrolyte disorders

Genetic disposition Glycolysis defect Lipid metabolism defects Mitochondrial myopathies Muscular dystrophies G-6-PD deficiency Collagen vascular disorders

Diagnosis History Deteriorating renal function Tea-colored urine Peaked T-waves Evidence of coagulopathies

Treatment IV fluids Electrolyte correction Acid-base correction Diuretics Dialysis or hemofiltration Correction of underlying problems

Adjuvant Therapy Fenoldopam N-acetylcysteine Nesiritide