Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cells Organelles Macromolecules Structure Levels Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cells Organelles Macromolecules Levels we will focus on this year Respiratory Cardiovascular Reproductive Digestive Lymphatic Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Muscular Integumentary Urinary

Characteristics of Life How do these match with: Metabolism Excretion Response Respiration Reproduction “ME + 3Rs”

Survival Needs Appropriate amounts of the following are needed to sustain life: Nutrients-contain chemical substances for energy and cell building Oxygen-needed for the chemical reaction to make energy Water-provides medium for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions Environmental Temperature-metabolism will decrease in cold temps, while hot temps denature enzymes Atmospheric Pressure-breathing depends on appropriate pressures

Homeostasis • The ability to maintain a relatively stable and balanced internal environment- with respect to changes in both internal and external environments. True homeostasis occurs when all ‘survival needs’ are met in a perfect range. When a survival need is “out of balance” your body will make modifications.

Homeostasis Feedback Mechanisms: Negative Feedback (common) Shuts off or reduces the intensity of the original stimulus. Examples: body temperature, withdrawal reflex, blood glucose levels Positive Feedback (rare) Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Examples: blood clotting, labor contractions

Studying Physiology Anatomy-the study of shape and structure of living organisms Macroscopic anatomy- the study of structures with the naked eye Microscopic anatomy- the study of structures with a microscope Physiology-the study of the functions of living organisms STRUCTURE FUNCTION Much of this class will focus on the relationship between structure and function.

Structure/Function Relationships What are some structure/function relationships that might be important in comparing bipedal humans with knuckle walking apes?

Structure/Function Relationships What are some structure/function relationships that might be important in comparing tooth structure in carnivores, herbivores and omnivores?

Anatomy – Body Cavities Cranial Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic What organs/organ systems are found in each cavity?

Anatomy – Organ Systems Need to know: All (11) systems Primary function for each Location by body cavity (1) organ for each Example of structure/ function relationship

Anatomy – Directional Terms Directions: Inferior/Superior Anterior/Posterior Proximal/Distal Dorsal/Ventral Lateral/Medial Superficial/Deep All pairs are opposite directions

Anatomy – Anatomical Planes Sagittal (median) Coronal (frontal) Transverse (horizontal)