Lecture 1.0 – Anatomical terms and nomenclature Genalin Lagman Taguiam Summer 2013-2014

Course Outcomes On completion of the week’s activity, the students should be able to define anatomy and physiology describe the organization of the human body describe the anatomical position of the body; distinguish between the following terms: - anterior and posterior - superior and inferior - medial and lateral - proximal and distal - superficial and deep - visceral and parietal

Course Outcomes - sagittal describe the following planes of the body: - transverse - frontal identify the dorsal and ventral body cavities; locate the nine abdominal regions.

Anatomy Study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another

Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function

Levels of Structural Organization

Systems of the Human Body Integumentary System composed of skin and structures derived from it (hair, nails, sweat and oil glands) Muscular System composed of skeletal muscles Integumentary system **protects the body **regulates body temperature **detects sensations **eliminates some wastes Called skeletal muscles because they are attached to bones **produces body movements **generates heat

Systems of the Human Body Skeletal System Bones, joints in the body and associated cartilages Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special senses

Systems of the Human Body Endocrine system Hormone-producing glands Pineal gland, hypothalamus, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes Circulatory system Cardiovascular system Heart, blood, blood vessels

Systems of the Human Body Lymphatic system and Immunity Lymphatic fluid and vessels Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils Respiratory System Lungs and air passages such as the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

Systems of the Human Body Digestive system Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus Accessory organs like salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Urinary system Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Systems of the Human Body Reproductive system Gonads Testes in male Ovaries in female Associated organs Female Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina Male Epididymis, ductus deferens, penis

Anatomical Terms & Nomenclature Anatomical position body is erect, facing forward, feet together, arms at sides, palms forward If the body is lying face down, it is in prone position If the body is lying face up, it is in supine position

Directional Terms: To locate various parts of the body relative to one another Superior (Cranial) Towards the head end upper part of a structure or of the body Above Inferior (Caudal) Away from the head end toward the lower part of a structure or of the body Below

Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Towards the front or at the front of the body In front of Posterior (Dorsal) Towards the back or at the back of the body Behind

Directional Terms Medial Lateral Toward or at the midline of the body On the inner side of Lateral Away from the midline of the body On the outer side of

Directional Terms Proximal Distal Close to the origin of the body part Close to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal Farther from the origin of a body part Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Directional Terms Superficial Deep Toward or at the body surface Away from the body surface More internal

MEDIAN PLANE divides the body or an organ into right and left sides; The body or its organs may be cut along planes, or imaginary lines, to produce different types of sections MEDIAN PLANE divides the body or an organ into right and left sides; vertical plane midsagittal plane

FRONTAL divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions; coronal plane TRANSVERSE divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions; cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane

Regional names of the body

Regional names of the body

The body contains two major closed cavities: dorsal cavity is subdivided into: cranial cavity spinal cavity ventral cavity is subdivided into: thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity

Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain

Dorsal cavity Spinal Cavity or Vertebral cavity Formed by the vertebral columns and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

Ventral Cavity the walls of the ventral cavity and the surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with thin membranes, the parietal and visceral serosae, respectively. visceral toward an internal structure covers an internal organ parietal away from external structures attached to the wall of the cavity

Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity houses the heart and lungs contains the: Pleural cavity each surround a lung Pericardial Cavity surrounds the heart Mediastinum central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity RUQ – liver, duodenum, pylorus, right kidney, hepatic flexure, portions of ascending and transverse colon LUQ – tip the medial liver lobe, spleen, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, spleenic flexure, and parts of transverse and descending colon RLQ- appendix, cecum, ascending colon, bladder, right ovary, uterus is enlarged, right spermatic cord, right ureter LLQ – sigmoid colon, descending colon, bladder, left ovary, uterus, left spermatic cord, and left ureter

Abdominopelvic cavity

References Marieb, E.N. (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (7th Ed.). San Francisco, Pearson. Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (11th Ed). New Jersey, Wiley.