Concepts of ANATOMY and The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

Homeostasis Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment--despite changes that occur internally or externally.

Homeostasis must be maintained in: gas concentrations temperature blood pressure pH (acidity) nutrients Water ions

Feedback Systems Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Body attempts to stop (inhibit) action Most feedback in the body is negative Positive Feedback Body attempts to encourage (stimulate) action Blood clotting, labor, breast milk production

5 STEPS OF FEEDBACK STIMULUS 2. RECEPTOR finds out what happened What action occurred 2. RECEPTOR finds out what happened 3. CONTROL CENTER Brain/spinal cord—decide on action EFFECTOR- carries out action 5. RESPONSE—return to homeostasis

ANATOMY FORM What it is Example, heart, blood cells

PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTION What it does Ex: Heart pumps blood, blood cells carry Oxygen

Levels of Organization Chemical Level elements (atoms) and molecules essential for life. Cellular Level each cell has a unique shape and function Tissue Level groups of similar cells performing a specific function

Levels of Organization Organ Level two or more different tissues with specific functions and recognizable shapes System Level groups of organs which work together for a common function Organism Level: Human Body-groups of organ systems working together

Directional Terms Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal

Planes Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organ

Divides body in right and left sections Sagittal plane Divides body in right and left sections

Divides body into EQUAL right and left sections Mid-Sagittal plane Divides body into EQUAL right and left sections

Divides into anterior and posterior sections Mid-Sagittal plane Divides into anterior and posterior sections

Divides into superior and inferior sections Mid-Sagittal plane Divides into superior and inferior sections

BODY CAVITIES SPACES in the body that contain body organs or other structures

BODY CAVITIES Lined with a serous membrane two membranes next to the cavity wall—parietal next to the organ--visceral Serous fluid is between membranes prevents friction and provides protection and cushion

Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial Cavity Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity houses the brain Spinal (Vertebral) Cavity Houses and protects spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity pleural cavities (2) mediastinum pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity

LOOK AT HANDOUT ON BODY CAVITIES—STUDY THE HIGHLIGHTED SECTIONS

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Imaginary lines intersecting the UMBILICUS. Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four areas The quadrants are used by clinical personnel to describe the location if abdominopelvic pain, tumors, or other abnormalities

Abdominopelvic Quadrants LUQ--Left upper quadrant Spleen Stomach Left kidney RUQ--Right upper quadrant Liver Right kidney Gall bladder RLQ--Right lower quadrant Cecum Appendix Right ovary LLQ--Left lower quadrant Left ovary Lower descending colon

Abdominopelvic Quadrants STOP AND DRAW: Draw a circle where the lines intersect Label this area the UMBILICUS

The end

Anabolism Using energy to synthesize or BUILD new tissue or molecules

Catabolism The BREAKDOWN of tissue or chemical structures to produce or generate energy

Metabolism Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the body