If you have your homework done, sit facing forward If you have your homework done, sit facing forward. You may study for the Persian Empire quiz with a friend. If you don’t have your homework, then sit on the side and finish your homework. I will check it before the quiz.

Persian Empire Quiz: In what modern day country is Persia located? How did Cyrus the Great build his empire? How did Cyrus the Great maintain his empire? Define “empire”: List some of Persia’s accomplishments.

CITY-STATES OF ANCIENT GREECE Essential Question: What role did geography play in the development of classical Greece? CITY-STATES OF ANCIENT GREECE

The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece After the river valley era, a number of classical civilizations developed in the Mediterranean and in Asia The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece From about 1000 BCE – 500 CE, classic cultures created high levels of achievement in art, science, & technology that impacted future ages

Impact of Geography on Greece: Identify 1 geographic feature & explain how it might impact the culture of Greece

Impact of Geography on Greece: Identify 1 geographic feature & explain how it might impact the culture of Greece

SURROUNDED BY WATER: Greece’s lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek trade with neighboring societies Geography Shapes Greek Life The Sea The sea shaped Greek civilization just as rivers shaped the ancient civilizations of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. In one sense, the Greeks did not live on a land but around a sea. Greeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline. The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the neighboring Black Sea were important transportation routes for the Greek people. These seaways linked most parts of Greece. As the Greeks became skilled sailors, sea travel connected Greece with other societies. Sea travel and trade were also important because Greece lacked natural resources, such as timber, precious metals, and usable farmland. The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies

COVERED BY MOUNTAINS: Mountains covered about 75% of Greece which divided the people & made unifying the Greek people nearly impossible Uneven terrain and dirt paths made land travel difficult and slow. Much of the land was stony and only about ¼ was good for farming Geography Shapes Greek Life The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies A lack of farmland and irrigation meant Greece was never able to support a large population. Fewer than 1 million at a time.

Like other city-states, a polis acted like an independent country. The Greeks developed independent polis, which were home to fewer than 20,000 residents. Geography Shapes Greek Life The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies Like other city-states, a polis acted like an independent country.

Greek Culture Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics: Greeks shared the same language Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin The Phoenicians introduced their phonetic alphabet to their trading partners. With a simplified alphabet, learning was available to many. Phoenician merchants needed a quick, clear way to record their transactions. They developed a writing system that used symbols to represent sounds. The word alphabet comes from the first 2 letters: alpha and beth. As they traveled around the Mediterranean Sea, the Phoenicians introduced their alphabet to their trading partners. The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and changed the form of some of the letters.

Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities; religion became the basis for Greek mythology Zeus King of the gods Athena Goddess of wisdom Aphrodite Goddess of love Apollo God of sun & music Ares God of war Hades God of underworld Hera Goddess of family Poseidon God of the seas Aphrodite The sensual goddess of Love and Beauty Apollo The youthful god of the Sun and the Music Ares The fierce god of War Artemis The wild goddess of the Hunt Athena The sophisticated goddess of Wisdom and Arts Demeter The natural goddess of the Harvest Dionysus The joyful god of the Wine Hades The gloomy god of the Underworld Hephaestus The ill-favored god of Metallurgy Hera The mature goddess of the Family Hermes The cunning god of the Trade Hestia The calm goddess of the Hearth Poseidon The moody god of the Seas Zeus The heavenly King of the Gods and ruler of mankind

Most Greek polis, city-states, had an agora (a massive marketplace) that was the center for trade & government City-states had an acropolis (a fortified hill) where a temple was located. Each polis had a different patron god or goddess in charge of it. After the Greek dark ages, exciting things began to happen in ancient Greece. Villages started to band together to form strong trading centers. These groups of villages that banded together were called city-states. Soon, hundreds of city-states had formed in ancient Greece.  TO BE A CITIZEN OF A CITY-STATE: The ancient Greeks referred to themselves as citizens of their individual city-states. Each city-state (polis) had its own personality, goals, laws and customs. Ancient Greeks were very loyal to their city-state.  The city-states had many things in common. They all believed in the same gods. They all spoke the same language.  But if you asked an ancient Greek where he was from, he would not say, "I live in Greece."   If he was from Sparta, he would say, "I am  Spartan."  If he lived in Athens, he would say, "I am Athenian."  And so it went. The city-states might band together to fight a common foe, but they also went to war with each other.  There was no central government in ancient Greece. Each city-state had its own form of government. Some city-states, like Corinth, were ruled by kings. Some, like Sparta, were ruled by a small group of men. Others, like Athens, experimented with new forms of government. Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government. Five of the most powerful Greek city-states Athens Sparta Corinth Megara Argos The Greeks believed that each city-state in ancient Greece had a god or a goddess in charge of it, their special patron. For Athens, the patron was Athena, goddess of wisdom. Perhaps because Athena was their patron, Athenians put a great deal of emphasis on education.  

Differences Among Greek City-States Despite similar language & religion, the Greek polis were very different from each other, especially how they were governed and their militaries Geography Shapes Greek Life The Land Rugged mountains covered about three-fourths of ancient Greece. The mountain chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan Peninsula. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. This significantly influenced Greek political life. Instead of a single government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Of the few roads that existed, most were little more than dirt paths. It often took travelers several days to complete a journey that might take a few hours today. Much of the land itself was stony, and only a small part of it was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. Historians estimate that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population could not expect the land to support a life of luxury. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies

Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis had a monarchy, a gov’t ruled by a king

Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis had an aristocracy, a gov’t ruled by elite nobles Practiced in Corinth

Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Sparta had an oligarchy, a gov’t ruled by a small group of citizens Two groups governed: 1.the assembly (all free adult males) – voted on major issues 2.the Council of Elder - proposed laws to be voted on.

Differences Among Greek City-States Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a gov’t ruled by citizens who vote on decisions Athens created direct democracy in which every free adult male could vote directly on political decisions at the Citizens Assembly.

Women, slaves, and free foreigners could not vote and had few rights. The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis Athenian society focused on wealth & culture: Athens had a direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office Women, slaves, and free foreigners could not vote and had few rights.

Athenian citizens participated in government decisions by voting GREEK DEMOCRACY The foundation of America’s democratic republic began with Athens’ direct democracy Ancient Greek ballots Athenian citizens participated in government decisions by voting

GREEK DEMOCRACY A council would propose laws; Greek men over 18 years old could vote on them; approved proposals became laws

Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Architects built the Parthenon to honor the goddess Athena

Athenian society focused on wealth & culture Theater had both comedies & tragedies Artists created realistic sculptures

The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning No room for arts. Boys began military training at age 7; lived in army barracks Spartan men served in the military until 60 years old Spartan Daily Life From around 600 until 371 B.C., Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece. However, the Spartan people paid a high price for their military supremacy. All forms of individual expression were discouraged. As a result, Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other artistic and intellectual pursuits. Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning. Since men were expected to serve in the army until the age of 60, their daily life centered on military training. Boys left home when they were 7 and moved into army barracks, where they stayed until they reached the age of 30. They spent their days marching, exercising, and fighting. They undertook these activities in all weathers, wearing only light tunics and no shoes. At night, they slept without blankets on hard benches. Their daily diet consisted of little more than a bowl of coarse black porridge. Those who were not satisfied were encouraged to steal food. Such training produced tough, resourceful soldiers. Spartan girls also led hardy lives. They received some military training, and they also ran, wrestled, and played sports. Like boys, girls were taught to put service to Sparta above everything—even love of family. A legend says that Spartan women told husbands and sons going to war to “come back with your shield or on it.” As adults, Spartan women had considerable freedom, especially in running the family estates when their husbands were on active military service. Such freedom surprised men from other Greek city-states. This was particularly true of Athens, where women were expected to remain out of sight and quietly raise children.

Spartan society focused on military strength Women Could not vote Could participate in sports Ran the family estates while men trained or fought The Spartans conquered their neighbors and forced these people to farm. Theses forced farmers were called helots. Spartan Daily Life From around 600 until 371 B.C., Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece. However, the Spartan people paid a high price for their military supremacy. All forms of individual expression were discouraged. As a result, Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other artistic and intellectual pursuits. Spartans valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning. Since men were expected to serve in the army until the age of 60, their daily life centered on military training. Boys left home when they were 7 and moved into army barracks, where they stayed until they reached the age of 30. They spent their days marching, exercising, and fighting. They undertook these activities in all weathers, wearing only light tunics and no shoes. At night, they slept without blankets on hard benches. Their daily diet consisted of little more than a bowl of coarse black porridge. Those who were not satisfied were encouraged to steal food. Such training produced tough, resourceful soldiers. Spartan girls also led hardy lives. They received some military training, and they also ran, wrestled, and played sports. Like boys, girls were taught to put service to Sparta above everything—even love of family. A legend says that Spartan women told husbands and sons going to war to “come back with your shield or on it.” As adults, Spartan women had considerable freedom, especially in running the family estates when their husbands were on active military service. Such freedom surprised men from other Greek city-states. This was particularly true of Athens, where women were expected to remain out of sight and quietly raise children.

The development of iron caused a new kind of army to emerge in Greece. Iron was harder and cheaper than bronze. Ordinary citizens could afford iron weapons and shields. Citizens were expected to defend the polis. a foot soldier was called a hoplite Hoplites would stand together to form a phalanx Hoplites were middle-class freemen who had to pay for their own weapon and shield. Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.

Spartans showed their strength during the Persian Wars

Closure Activity Where would you rather live: Athens or Sparta? Why?