Perspectives with PANDA The new accelerator complex of GSI The antiproton’s activity The PANDA scientific program Paola Gianotti LNF

FAIR: the GSI future facility UNILAC SIS FRS ESR SIS 100/300 HESR Super NESR CR + RESR p Target FLAIR PANDA CBM PP Atomic Physics FAIR Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Primary Beams 1012/s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238U28+ Factor 100-1000 present in intensity 2(4)x1013/s 30 GeV protons 1010/s 238U73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u Secondary Beams Broad range of radioactive beams up to 1.5 - 2 GeV/u; up to factor 10 000 in intensity over present Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV Storage and Cooler Rings Radioactive beams e – A collider 1011 stored and cooled 0.8 - 14.5 GeV antiprotons Cooled beams Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets Key Technical Features

Summary of Research Areas at the GSI Future Facility Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei - Radioactive Beams Nucleonic matter Nuclear astrophysics Fundamental symmetries Hadron Structure and Quark-Gluon Dynamics - Antiprotons Non-pertubative QCD Quark-gluon degrees of freedom Confinement and chiral symmetry Hypernuclear physics Nuclear Matter and the Quark-Gluon Plasma - Relativistic HI - Beams Nuclear phase diagram Compressed nuclear/strange matter Deconfinement and chiral symmetry Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter - Bunch Compression Properties of high density plasmas Phase transitions and equation of state Laser - ion interaction with and in plasmas SIS 18 Heating Ion Beam Jupiter Sun Surface Magnetic Fusion density solid state Temperature [eV] Density [cm-3] Laser PHELIX Ideal plasmas Strongly coupled plasmas Sun Core Cofinement Inertial Fusion Ultra High EM-Fields and Applications - Ions & Petawatt Laser QED and critical fields Ion - laser interaction Ion - matter interaction

HESR - High Energy Storage Ring Production rate 2x107/sec Pbeam = 1 - 15 GeV/c Nstored = 5x1010 p Internal Target _ High luminosity mode High resolution mode Lumin. = 2 x 1032 cm-2 s-1 dp/p ~ 10-4 (stochastic cooling) dp/p ~ 10-5 (electron cooling) Lumin. = 1031 cm-2 s-1

PANDA Antiproton Physics Program Charmonium ( cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass, width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for extracting information on the quark confinement. Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs) in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2). Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium, and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral symmetry for light quarks. Precision g-ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon and hyperon-hyperon interaction. Inverted DVCS to extract parton distributions. Proton form-factors at large Q2 up to 25 GeV2/c4. D-meson decay spectroscopy BR and decay dalitz plots CP-Violation in the D/Λ sector.

Charmonium Physics cc1 → gJ/y → ge+e- p p→ c1,2 _ e+e- → Y’ → gc1,2 → gge+e- → ggJ/y e+e- interactions: 3500 3520 MeV 3510 CBall ev./2 MeV 100 ECM CBall E835 1000 E 835 ev./pb cc1 - Only 1-- states are formed Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution) pp reactions: _ All states directly formed (very good mass resolution) Br( ) pp → hc = 1.2 10-3 _ Br(e+e- →y) ·Br(y → ghc) = 2.5 10-5

Exotic hadrons (qq)(qq) (qq) g The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark model also the gluons can act as hadron components E x o t i c l g h q 1 -- -+ 2000 4000 MeV/ 2 10 -2 The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3 general categories: (qq)(qq) Multiquarks (qq) g Hybrids Glueballs In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap

Main non-qq candidates Exotic hadrons In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as “Exotics”. Almost all of them have been seen in pp... Main non-qq candidates f0(980) 4q state f0(1500) 0++ glueball candidate f0(1370) f0(1710) h(1410); h(1460) 0-+ glueball candidate f1(1420) hybrid, 4q state p1(1400) hybrid candidate 1-+ p1(1600) p (1800) hibrid candidate 0-+ p2(1900) hybrid candidate 2-+ p1(2000) a2’(2100) hybrid candidate 1++

Charmonium Physics Charmonium spectrum, glueballs, spin-exotics cc-glue hybrids with experimental results Y(3943) enancement in J/Ψω mass spectrum both four quarks state and charm- hybrid hypotesis have been proposed X(3872) first seen by Belle then confirmed by others is hardly considered a cc state From G.S. Bali, Eur. Phys. J A 19 (2004) 1 B-factories are abundant sources of data on charmonium

Charmed Hybrids Gluonic excitations of the Flux tube-Model predicts H DD** (+c.c.) decays If mH<4290 MeV/c2→ GH < 50 MeV/c2 Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD*+c.c. Small number of final states with small phase space r0=0.5fm Gluonic excitations of the quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound states LQCD: mH ~ 4.2-4.5 GeV ; JPC 1-+

hc h’c y’ cc0 cc1 cc2 y (3770) y (3836) y (4040) y (4160) y (4415) 21 Mass Decay channels studied Total BR seen (%) Channels With error <30% hc 2979.6±1.2 21 60.3 3 h’c 3654.0±6.0 4 ~ 0 J/y 3096.92±.01 135 44.2 83 y’ 3686.09±.03 62 77.1 29 cc0 3415.2±0.3 17 12.3 10 cc1 3510.59±.10 13 33.6 6 cc2 3556.26±.11 19 26.3 2 ? y (3770) 3770.0±2.4 1 y (3836) 3836±13 X(3872) 3872.0±0.6 y (4040) 4040±10 y (4160) 4159±20 y (4415) 4415±6

MASS Mesons in nuclear matter One of the fundamental question of QCD is the generation of MASS The light meson masses are larger than the sum of the constituent quark masses! Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive role in the mass generation of light mesons. How can we check this?

Hadrons in nuclear matter Since density increase in nuclear matter is possible a partial restoration of chiral symmetry Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed Deeply bound pionic atoms Kaon-production environments f*p = 0.78f p Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions Proton-Proton Collisions K- K+

Mesons in nuclear matter pionic atoms KAOS/FOPI HESR π K D vacuum nuclear medium ρ = ρ0 π+ π- K- K+ D+ D- 25 MeV 100 MeV 50 MeV Mass modifications of mesons With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studies will be extended Sub-threshold enhancement for D and D meson production expected signal: strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D+ D- yields, in the near/sub-threshold region. pp→ D+D- 10-2 10-1 1 10 102 103 s(nb) 4 5 6 7 D+ D- T (GeV) in-medium free masses

Mesons in nuclear matter GeV/c2 Mass The lowering of the DD thresh. allow Y ’,cc2 charmonium states to decay into this channel y(33S1) 4 thus resulting in a substantial increase of width of these states 3.8 y(13D1) Idea Study relative changes of yield and width of the charmonium state Y(3770). BR into l+l- (10-5 in free space) 3,74 3,64 3,54 vacuum 1r0 2r0 y(23S1) 3.6 states above DD thresh. would have larger width cc2(13P2) cc1(13P1) 3.4 cc1(13P0) 3.2 y(13S1) hc(11S0) 3 Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275

L0 S- X- W- Double-Lambda Hypernuclei u d s Use pp Interaction to produce a hyperon “beam” (t~10-10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or its decay products s u d W- X- S- L0 X+ X- _ (Kaidalov & Volkovitsky) quark-gluon string model

g g Production of Double Hypernuclei _ X X- L L Kaons _ p X- capture: 2. Slowing down and capture of X- in secondary target nucleus _ trigger X _ p X- capture: X- p  LL + 28 MeV 3 GeV/c X- X-(dss) p(uud)  L(uds) L(uds) g 1. Hyperon- antihyperon production at threshold L L g +28MeV 3. g-spectroscopy with Ge-detectors

Other physics topics SM prediction ~ 2·10-5 Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Drell-Yan processes to study GPD Cross section σ ≈ 2.5pb @ s ≈10 GeV2 L = 2·1032 cm-2 s-1→ 103 events per month CP-violation (D/Λ – sector) - D0D0 mixing SM prediction < 10-8 - compare angular decay asymmetries for ΛΛ SM prediction ~ 2·10-5 Rare D-decays: D+→ μ+ ν (BR 10-4) D → μ+ μ- (BR 10-13) W+ c d m+ n hep-ph/0112235

Other physics topics Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Proton in the Time-Like Region from threshold up to 20 GeV2/c4 Precise measurement of cross- sections of esclusive final states with different nuclear targets for neutrino experiments

QCD systems to be studied at PANDA

General Purpose Detector Detector requests: nearly 4p solid angle (partial wave analysis) high rate capability (2·107 annihilations/s) good PID (g, e, m, p, K, p) momentum resolution (~1%) vertex info for D, K0S, L (ct = 317 mm for D±) efficient trigger (e, m, K, D, L) modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)

PANDA Detector (top view) electromagnetic calorimeter target spectrometer forward spectrometer DIRC: Detecting Internally Reflected Cherenkov light straw tube tracker mini drift chambers muon counter Solenoidal magnet iron yoke micro vertex detector electromagnetic calorimeter Length: ~2 m upstream, ~10 m downstream

Summary A new Hadron-Facility is underway in Europe: FAIR @ GSI A wide experimetal physics program going from meson spectroscopy to hypernuclear physics etc. will be accessible with the new GSI antiproton beam New and interesting results will come in many fields thanks to the unprecedent characteristics of the beam and to the potentiality of the PANDA general porpose detector