Covalent Bonding Sharing is pairing

When does covalent bonding occur? 2 or more atoms share an e- This can be two of the same elements or 2 different elements 1 covalent bond = 1 shared e- from each atom involved sharing is pairing

When does covalent bonding occur? Multiple covalent bonds O2 N2 Elements are always trying to achieve the rule of 8 (octet) We can also say that these elements are trying to achieve FOUR PAIRS of e-

Likely to happen with nonmetals (gases and nonmetallic elements) Less likely to lose or gain electrons Takes up too much energy (a little lazy but down to share)

Closer these nonmetals are on the periodic table the more likely they will share e- Practice, predict the potential bonds in the following element combination metal & Non Metal = ionic nonmetal & nonmetal = covalent closer together on the periodic table  more likely to be covalent Sodium and Oxygen – Carbon and Oxygen – Phosphorus and Oxygen – Magnesium and Oxygen – Aluminum and Oxygen – Chlorine and Oxygen – Sulfur and Oxygen –

Closer these nonmetals are on the periodic table the more likely they will share e- Practice, predict the potential bonds in the following element combination metal & Non Metal = ionic nonmetal & nonmetal = covalent closer together on the periodic table  more likely to be covalent Sodium and Oxygen – ionic Carbon and Oxygen – covalent Phosphorus and Oxygen – covalent Magnesium and Oxygen – ionic Aluminum and Oxygen – ionic Chlorine and Oxygen –covalent Sulfur and Oxygen – covalent

Equal sharing If the e- in the covalent bonds are shared equally we call this NONPOLAR BONDING

Sharing but not equal POLAR BONDING occurs when one atom has a greater pull on the electron The e- are still shared One atom is just larger than the other This causes a partial charge *Shape must be considered Polar bonds can still have a net charge of 0 Creates attraction between molecules Opposites Attract

Review – study - check Additional resources https://www.shmoop.com/bonds- orbitals/bonding.html Textbook