MIXED METHODS RESEARCH MMR: MIXED METHODS RESEARCH

MMR: MIXED METHODS RESEARCH A style of research that uses procedures for conducting research that are typically applied in both quantitative and qualitative studies Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2013

. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. Purpose The purpose of these studies is usually to inform sponsors about a program they are funding. The sponsors may want a descriptive study  of the program in which the operations and processes are explained and clarified. They may also be interested in an effectiveness study  in which the operations are assessed in relation to organizational goals and targets. Finally, a sponsor may fund a  policy study  to make recommendations to future policy decision-makers. Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2013

. M.M.R. METODE-METODE The research problem itself determines the choice of a design, but any of the methods below areavailable to the researcher: Surveys Site visits. Interviews Observations Questionnaires Quantitative data. Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2013

. MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. Tiga Tipe Desain Three characteristics that differentiate types of mixed methods designs The priority given to either the quantitative or qualitative data collection The sequence of collecting quantitative or qualitative data The data analysis techniques used to either combine the analysis of data or keep the two types of data separate Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2013

Three Types of Designs: Three common designs . MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. Three Types of Designs: Three common designs QUAL-Quan Model The exploratory mixed methods design Qualitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted 2. QUAN-Qual Model The explanatory mixed methods design Quantitative data are collected first and are more heavily weighted 3. QUAN-QUAL Model The triangulation mixed methods design Quantitative and qualitative data are collectedc oncurrently and both are weighted equally Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012

10 Karakteristik Desain MM RISET MULTI-METODE 10 Karakteristik Desain MM The title of the research includes terms that suggest more than one method is being used Mixed methods Integrated  Triangular 2. Quantitative – qualitative Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used in the study Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012

Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs . MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs 3. The researcher describes the kinds of mixed methods being used 4. The data collection section indicates narrative, numerical, or both types of data are being collected 5. The purpose statement or the research questions indicate the types of methods being used 6. Questions are stated and described for both quantitative and qualitative approaches 7. The researcher indicates these quencing of collecting qualitative and/or quantitative data (i.e., QUAN-Qual, QUAL-Quan, or QUAN-QUAL) 8. The researcher describes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis strategies 9. The writing is balanced in terms of quantitative and qualitative approaches Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012

Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design . MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design Does the study use at least one quantitative and one qualitative research strategy? What were the research questions addressed? Who are the sponsors of the study and what are their expectations? Does the study include a rationale for using a mixed methods design? Does the study include a classification of the type of mixed methods design? Does the study describe the priority given to quantitative and qualitative data collection and the sequence of their use? Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012

Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design . MULTIMETHOD RESEARCH. Evaluating a Mixed Methods Design Was the study feasible given the amount of data to be collected and concomitant issues of resources, time, and expertise? Who were the participants in the study? What did the samples consist of? Does the study clearly identify qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques? Apa tujuan dan pentingnya riset ini? Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/18058748/Multi-Method-Research…… 21/9/2012

. Mixed Method Research – Quant & Qual in a Single Study . A mixed method approach allows researchers to simultaneously benefit from both quantitative and qualitative research methods in the context of one study addressing a single set of business objectives. Flow Monitor designs market research studies that take full advantage of the inherent benefits of both quantitative (e.g., surveys) and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, ethnographic techniques, etc.) research. The business objectives will greatly determine the appropriate sequence of methods. The diagrams below illustrate this. Diunduh dari: http://www.flowmonitorinc.com/how-we-do-it.html …… 21/9/2012

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Apakah MMR (Mixed Methods Research)? Mixed methods research is not new but only recently been systematically described; ‘new era’ of mixed methods research (Tashakkori and Teddlie, 1998) Different definitions of mixed methods research used by different researchers Not simply the ad hoc combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, it is the planned mixing of methods at a pre- determined stage of the research (Halcomb et al., 2009) “mixed methods [is] research which collects both qualitative and quantitative data in one study and integrates these data at some stage of the research process” (Halcomb et al., 2009) Distinction between mixed methods (quant and qual) and multi method research (uses more than one method from same tradition) (Bazeley, 2007) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Mengapa sains kesehatan berkembang ke arah MMR? Increased reflexivity about researcher-researched relationships Increased political awareness about what and who research is for Growing formalisation of research governance and ethics procedures The availability and ease of new technologies to analyse mixed methods research (e.g. Nvivo, MaxQDA, Atlas.ti) International Research Collaboration (Halcomb and Andrew, 2009) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

RATIONAL PENGGUNAAN MMR Triangulation - one of the first rationales for using mixed methods research (Denzin, 1970). Used to test the consistency of findings through different approaches. Complementarity - clarifies and illustrates results from one method with the use of another method. Development - the results of analysis using one method shapes subsequent methods or steps in the research process. Initiation-stimulates new research questions or challenges results obtained through one method. Expansion- provides richness and detail buy building on the findings of either qualitative or quantitative methods (Greene et al., 1989) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

TIPOLOGI MMR Four central questions that inform the design of a mixed methods study: In what sequence will the qualitative and quantitative data collection be implemented? What relative priority will be given to the qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis? At what stage of the project will the qualitative and quantitative data be integrated? Will an overall theoretical perspective be used to guide the study? (Creswell, 2003) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Tipologi MMR: Empat Basic Designs Principal Quantitative, Qualitative Preliminary (qual -> QUANT) Principal Qualitative, Quantitative Preliminary (quant -> QUAL) Complementary Quantitative, Qualitative Follow-Up (QUANT -> qual) Complementary Qualitative, Quantitative Follow-Up (QUAL -> quant) (Morse, 1991; Morgan, 1998) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Pengumpulan Data dalam MMR Interviews/ Focus Groups/ Questionnaires/ Surveys/ Validated Tests and Scales/ Observation Considerations: Balancing strengths and limitations of each method Timing of data collection Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Analisis dalam MMR: Separate Analyses Qualitative and quantitative data sets analysed separately and conclusions drawn that incorporate both data sets. Can be used for the following purposes: Triangulation Expansion or Complementarity Development Separate analyses may give rise to contradictory or discrepant results which need to be explained (Halcomb and Andrew, 2009) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Analisis dalam MMR: Combining Data Types for Synthesis Combining of data types for analysis requires transformation of data in some form in order to ‘marry’ diverse sources. Can be done through: Meta matrices, databases, spread sheets e.g. systematic reviews Qualitising numerical data e.g. using scores to provide a descriptive classification Counting Quantitising qualitative data e.g. 0/1 transformation for absence/presence of code, numerical weighting of codes (MaxQDA) (Halcomb and Andrew, 2009) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Analysis of Mixed Methods Research: Combining Data Types for Synthesis Combined analysis can be used to: Merge and compare (e.g. themes can be quantified, independent t tests and bivariate linear regression analyses in SPSS) Explore, predict and explain (e.g. case by case variable matrix, cluster analysis) Blend to created new variable to use in further studies (Halcomb and Andrew, 2009) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Isu-isu tentang MMR ‘paradigm wars’, reconciling philosophical assumptions of each methodological perspective. Selecting and managing research team with diverse specialities. Practicalities of data collection and analysis, may make concurrent analysis difficult Statistical analysis often relies on large sample sizes which are not common in qualitative research Transforming qualitative data into numerical form may lose some of the richness and nuances in the text A lack of templates for the writing up and publishing mixed methods research, sometimes qualitative and quantitative results published separately Not all journals publish mixed methods research which may limit publication opportunities Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012

Manfaat MMR (Mixed Methods Research) Gives researchers an opportunity to creatively rethink research design and the various different ways they can be linked to research questions Potential to generate new insights and levels of analysis Challenges taken for granted assumptions across a wide range of research methods topics Brings together researchers from different backgrounds and different specialisms and allows them to think together on a given research problem (Bergman, 2008) Diunduh dari: www2.warwick.ac.uk/.../what_is_mixed_meth...  …… 21/9/2012