5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Rebellions

A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments. III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement. A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.

Wahhabi Rebellion Fundamentalist/revisionist group in Islam They didn’t feel the Ottoman Sultan should be considered a religious leader for Islam Were revolting against the Ottoman Empire by attacking caravans and took control over Mecca and Medina Ottomans sent Muhammad Ali into Egypt to put down the rebellion He recaptured the Holy cities and sent the leader of the rebellion to Istanbul for execution Muhammad Ali will use his popularity to continue his expansion

Marathas Rebellion Against Aurangzeb’s persecution against Hindus He ignored the rebellion and it grew quickly One of his own sons joined the rebellion The rebellion lasted 27 years and cost him a lot of money and effort Eventually the last leader died without an heir and the rebellion did not restart when the Mughals ended

III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement. D. Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements.

Sepoy and Boxer Rebellions We already spoke about these

Mahdist Revolt Colonial war in the 19th century Sudanese had experienced great hardship under the Ottomans and Muhammad Ali The gov’t was having troubles funding the building of the Suez so GB stepped in to finish the project & eventually was in charge of the gov’t of Egypt Muhammad Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi, the redeemer of Islam After many years of rebellion, the British pulled Egyptian gov’t out of the Sudan By the Berlin Conference, GB re-extended Egyptian control over the Sudan as the leaders of the rebellion died out

III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement. E. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.

Millenarianism Comes from Latin “containing a thousand” It is a word that describes the religious, political, or social group of movement that is to led to great change

Taiping Program Didn’t like Manchu rule Abolition of private property Communal wealth for sharing No footbinding Free public education Easier written language Literacy for everyone Equality between men and women Some wanted democracy

Rebellion Took Nanjing in 1853 By 1855 a million were ready to attack Beijing The Qing defeated them 1860 they were ready to attack Shanghai

Taiping Defeat Gentry was supporting Qing Given rights to develop their own militia forces Europeans helped Hong committed suicide in June 1864 Rebellion fell apart

Effects of the Rebellion 20 – 30 million died Decline in agricultural production Led to starvation in the countryside

Ghost Dance Native American rebellion in 1890 Teaching was that dance would reunite the living with the spirits of the dead and bring peace and the end of white expansion Led to Wounded Knee Dance is still performed by some Native groups

Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement Nongqawuse was a priestess who led this rebellion in South Africa She said that her ancestors told her the Xhosa people needed to kill their cattle and burn their crops and the British would leave Many of their cattle were dying due to a lung disease possibly brought by the British cattle After the killing of 400,000 head of cattle in 1857, she was arrested and sent to Robben Island Population dropped from 105,000 to 27,000

III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement. F. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies.

Reforms We’ve talked about Self-Strengthening in China and Bismarck’s changes in Germany

III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement. E. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.

Reforms Selim III Tried to remodel the army, but Janissaries revolted He was locked up by the Janissaries Selim’s successor tried again and the Janissaries killed everyone of the royal family except one-Mahmud II

Mahmud II’s Reforms Killed the Janissaries and created a new army European style uniforms European weapons and training Sent people to schools in Europe

Mahmud II’s Reforms Secondary education school system Established scientific, technical, and military academies Taxed rural landlords Abolished military land grants Undermined the ulama Constructed new roads Built telegraph lines Created a postal service

Legal Reforms Tanzimat (1839-1876) Commercial Code 1850 Penal code 1858 Maritime code 1863 New civil code 1870-1876 Public trials, equality before the law, privacy rights Education reforms Primary and secondary schools Free primary school

Ottoman Reforms