Grammar Bootcamp Other Punctuation ENGL 124 B03 Winter 2010

Terminal Punctuation • Question marks follow a direct question How many kinds of shark inhabit the Pacific?

Terminal Punctuation • Question marks follow a direct question How many kinds of shark inhabit the Pacific? INDIRECT QUESTIONS DO NOT INCLUDE QUESTION MARKS He asked her how many kinds of shark inhabit the Pacific? He asked her how many kinds of shark inhabit the Pacific.

Terminal Punctuation • Question marks follow a direct question • Exclamation points replace a terminal period to add emphasis That’s a lot of sharks!

Terminal Punctuation • Question marks follow a direct question • Exclamation points replace a terminal period to add emphasis • Terminal ellipses indicate incomplete speech acts They said it was a shark attack, but I still wonder…

Terminal Punctuation • Question marks follow a direct question • Exclamation points replace a terminal period to add emphasis • Terminal ellipses indicate incomplete speech acts ELLIPSES MUST INCLUDE SPACES WHEN THEY INDICATE AN OMISSION According to Sophocles, “one word frees us of all the weight and pain of life.” According to Sophocles, “one word frees us of all the … pain of life.” According to Sophocles, “one word frees us of all the . . . pain of life.”

Colons • Can precede a list There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. – Benjamin Disraeli

Colons • Can precede a list • Precede a definition or explanation Quotation: The act of repeating erroneously the words of another. – Ambrose Bierce

Colons • Can precede a list • Precede a definition or explanation • Can precede a direct quotation There is a homely old adage which runs: "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." – Theodore Roosevelt

Apostrophes • Replace omitted letters or numerals in a contraction does not doesn’t they are they’re it is it’s let us let’s madam ma’am 1793 ’93

Apostrophes • Replace omitted letters or numerals in a contraction • Indicate a possessive Smith, his book Smith’s book potato potato’s color potatoes potatoes’ color the Smiths the Smiths’ house Jones Jones’s book the Joneses the Joneses’ house

Apostrophes • Replace omitted letters or numerals in a contraction • Indicate a possessive APOSTROPHES NEVER INDICATE PLURALS apple’s apples 1970’s 1970s the Smith’s the Smiths

Double Quotation Marks • Indicate direct speech He said, “I think that’s the one.”

Double Quotation Marks • Indicate direct speech • Indicate the title of a work which originally appeared as part of a larger publication Fitzgerald wrote “Babylon Revisited” as a kind of penance.

Double Quotation Marks • Indicate direct speech • Indicate the title of a work which originally appeared as part of a larger publication • Commas and periods always go inside quotation marks; other punctuation marks go outside “I think that’s the one,” he said. “I wish I could be sure.” Fitzgerald wrote “Babylon Revisited”; he also lived “Babylon Revisited”!

Single Quotation Marks • Indicate nested double quotation marks “He said, ‘I think that’s the one,’” the witness replied. She remarked, “Fitzgerald wrote ‘Babylon Revisited’ as a kind of penance.”

Single Quotation Marks • Indicate nested double quotation marks • Indicate that something is “so-called” This ‘party’ of theirs isn’t much fun.

Single Quotation Marks • Indicate nested double quotation marks • Indicate that something is “so-called” QUOTATION MARKS NEVER INDICATE EMPHASIS Try our ‘fresh’ local fish Check out our “sale” merchandise

Hyphens • Link together compound adjectives a nineteenth-century novel the forty-second president the out-of-date idea

Hyphens • Link together compound adjectives a nineteenth-century novel the forty-second president the out-of-date idea COMPOUND ADJECTIVES INCLUDING THE “-LY” ENDING DON’T TAKE A HYPHEN the slowly rising tide the carefully collected pieces

Hyphens • Link together compound adjectives • Link together certain compound nouns six-year-old check-in mother-in-law

Hyphens • Link together compound adjectives • Link together certain compound nouns • Certain prefixes take hyphens anti-Catholic pro-union un-American ex-husband

Italic/Underlining • Indicates foreign words or phrases (not yet assimilated into English) Freud’s analysis of the unheimlich in literature not an artist per se

Italic/Underlining • Indicates foreign words or phrases (not yet assimilated into English) • Adds emphasis to a term The mere sound is intolerable By discourse, he means the set of all possible statements

Italic/Underlining • Indicates foreign words or phrases (not yet assimilated into English) • Adds emphasis to a term • Indicates the title of a work originally published as a single item Milton’s Paradise Lost The film Casablanca

Italic/Underlining • Indicates foreign words or phrases (not yet assimilated into English) • Adds emphasis to a term • Indicates the title of a work originally published as a single item • Indicates the name of a ship, train or plane the Titanic the Enola Gay

Parentheses • Enclose subordinate material Science would be ruined if (like sports) it were to put competition above everything. – Beniot Mandelbrot

Parentheses • Enclose subordinate material • Enclose in-text citations He called this an “objective correlative” (Eliot 42).

Parentheses • Enclose subordinate material • Enclose in-text citations • Enclose letters or numbers in a running list Platitude: an idea (a) that is admitted to be true by everyone, and (b) that is not true. – H. L. Mencken

Parentheses • Enclose subordinate material • Enclose in-text citations • Enclose letters or numbers in a running list NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH SQUARE BRACKETS, WHICH IDENTIFY MATERIAL INSERTED INTO A QUOTATION About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we [the Soviet Union] exist. – Nikita Khrushchev

Dashes • Can replace parentheses There ought to be one day – just one – when there is open season on senators. – Will Rogers

Dashes • Can replace parentheses • Indicate a casual pause People can have the Model T in any colour – so long as it's black. – Henry Ford

Dashes • Can replace parentheses • Indicate a casual pause • Can replace a colon There are two kinds of light – the glow that illuminates, and the glare that obscures. – James Thurber

Dashes • Can replace parentheses • Indicate a casual pause • Can replace a colon DASHES SHOULD NOT FOLLOW COMMAS