Adenovirus - cause of the common cold Viruses Viruses are insidious pathogens, they attack cells from the inside.  They hijack your own DNA and use it against you.  A virus cannot be treated with antibiotics, it can only run its course until your immune system kicks it out. ..Even then, the virus may lay dormant within the cells and come back at a later date

What is a virus? Google says….. an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.

Properties of viruses no membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, or other cellular components they cannot move or grow they can only reproduce inside a host cell they consist of 2 major parts - a protein coat, and hereditary material (DNA or RNA) they are extremely tiny, much smaller than a cell and only visible with advanced electron microscopes

Structure of DNA (review) Shape of a DOUBLE HELIX Each side held together by weak HYDROGEN BONDS Repeating units of NUCEOTIDES Sides of "ladder" are deoxyribose and phosphates Center is A, T, G, C A -> T G -> C         *base pair rule

nucleotide

Virus Structure

Parasitic Nature  Obligate intracellular parasites (they cannot exist independently) Specific to hosts (human, dog, some can cross species)  Specific to cells , the common cold is a virus that specifically attacks cells of the respiratory track (hence the coughing and sneezing and sniffling). HIV specifically attacks white blood cells This is a bacteriophage, a type of virus that attacks bacteria. It is recognizeable because it looks like the lunar landing spaceship. See animation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41aqxcxsX2w&feature=related

Viral Reproduction  Lytic cycle = reproduction occurs, cells burst Lysogenic cycle = reproduction does not immediately occur (dormancy)  Virulent = viruses that undergo both cycles

4. Maturation - assembly of viral components Viruses multiply, or replicate using their own genetic material and the host cell's machinery to create more viruses. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own, and must infect a host cell in order to create more viruses. 1. Attachment 2. Penetration - the virus is engulfed by the cell                    (Cell can enter Lysogenic or Lytic Cycle) 3. Biosynthesis - viral components are made                        (protein coat, capsid, DNA/RNA) 4. Maturation - assembly of viral components 5. Release - viruses leave host cell to infect new cells                      (often destroys host)

Lytic vs Lysogenic Pathways of viruses Starring the phage named Lambda See: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter20/lambda_phage_replication_cycle.html

Retroviruses -- RNA viruses that have a DNA stage Human Immunodefiency Virus - causes AIDS  Retrovirus (RNA inside a protein coat)  Reverse Transcriptase makes DNA from the virus RNA  DNA inserts into host DNA  Proteins are assembled from the DNA code  Viruses assembled from the proteins  Viruses released from the cell (Link) HIV Animation - how virus infects cells

What we know about HIV.....

Developing a vaccine for AIDS is difficult because it is a RETROVIRUS Developing a vaccine for AIDS is difficult because it is a RETROVIRUS.  RNA mutates easily and each individual virus can be slightly different from the others.  In fact, different viruses can exist within the same person. See:  HIV coloring

illnesses not previously known Emerging Viruses  illnesses not previously known  AIDS, West Nile Virus, SARS, Ebola, Bird Flu  Could be mutations of known viruses  Could be viruses exposed when new areas were developed  Could have jumped species (avian flu, swine flu)

Related to Viruses  Viroids - even smaller than viruses, consist of RNA strands that lack a protein coat Prions - "rogue protein", believed to be the cause of Mad Cow Disease, also may cause Kuru in cannibal tribes See:  http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter20/how_prions_arise.html

How Do Vaccines Work? 1.  Once you have gotten a virus, such as chicken pox, your body develops the immunity to that virus.   2. Vaccines are made by growing a weakened or killed form of the virus (often grown in eggs) 3.  This form of the virus is injected into a person's body, which causes an immune response, and immunity to the virus.    - Remember Jenner's  cowpox vaccine?

RV = rotovirus; DTaP = diptheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough);  Hib = haemophilus influenza type B;  PCV = pneumococcal vaccine; IPV = inactivated polio virus;  MMR = measles, mumps, rubella,  

Some parents are opting out of immunizations due to fears about vaccine safety.   In response, government agencies are producing commercials to encourage parents to get their child vaccinated. Discuss: 1.  What are the risks of vaccines?  Are they safe? 2.  Would you have your own child vaccinated? 3.  Should the government force immunizations?

INFLUENZA

BACTERIOPHAGE

H1N1

SMALLPOX