Evolution Common Ancestry and Phylogeny Common Ancestry Phylogenetic trees

Be able to 1.14 Pose scientific questions that identify essential properties of shared, core life processes that provide insights into the history of life on Earth. 1.15 Describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by all domains or within one domain of life. Explain how this is evidence for the common ancestry for all organisms. http://pixabay.com/en/animals-bat-cartoon-bird-cute-33119/

Be able to 1.16 Justify the scientific claim that organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today

Evidence that all domains are related Genetic information is encoded in DNA and RNA These processes are identical within domains e.g. all eukaryotes copy DNA the exact same way Also very similar across domains e.g. Bacterial DNA replication is similar to the eukaryotic process 🔗 DNA is the molecule of inheritance Link: 3.A.1 Image: Wikipedia user C3lin http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3_domains_of_life.GIF

Evidence that all domains are related (cont.) The Genetic code is universal 🔗 Evidence for evolution 🔗 Details in DNA chapter(s) Link 1.A.4 Link: 3.A.1 User: Mouagip http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aminoacids_table.svg

Evidence that all domains are related (cont.) Energy gets into and out of our cells in specific ways 🔗 Metabolic pathways Many of these are exactly the same in every organism we have studied 🔗 Highly conserved Ex. glycolysis occurs in nearly all organisms Link: 2.A.1 Link: 3.D.1 glycolysis is the process turning sugar into pyruvate exceptions include chemoautotroph, deep-sea vent bacteria

Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related Cytoskeleton structural proteins facilitate cell movement maintain shape organelle transport 🔗 Details in cell structure chapter(s) Present in all eukaryotes absent in prokaryotes 💬 Why does the structure of eukaryotes necessitate a cytoskeleton? Link: 2.B.3; 4.A.2 Ans: The cell membrane itself is fragile, eukaryotes are complex and require transport and phago/exocytosis Image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FluorescentCells.jpg Actin filaments are shown in red, microtubules are in green, and the nuclei are in blue.

Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related All eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles 💬 What does this mean? Ans: All eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, etc) have subcellular components that are wrapped in their own membrane Image: GrahamColm at English Wikipedia [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related (cont.) Mitochondria found in most eukaryotic cells essential for aerobic respiration VERY similar to bacteria Chloroplast found in all plants and some algae essential for photosynthesis Very similar to bacteria 🔗 Details in cell structure chapter(s) Link: 2.B.3; 4.A.2 mitochondria exceptions include Giardia lamblia an intestinal parasite which has evidence of mitochondria in its evolutionary history Image: Louisa Howard http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondria,_mammalian_lung_-_TEM.jpg

Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related (cont.) Endosymbiosis Theory that organelles of eukaryotes originated as a symbiotic relationship between single-celled organisms one living inside the other mitochondria (a single event) and chloroplasts (another, single event) 💬 What does it mean that it is a theory? 💬 What is the evidence? Ans: That it is an explanation that has been verified, and that attempts to disprove it have failed Ans: Many examples comparing the structure of these organelles to bacteria

Evidence that all Eukaryotes are related (cont.) Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, as opposed to the circular chromosomes found in prokaryotes Image: National Institutes of Health http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_Under_electron_microscope_Image_3576B-PH.jpg Image: Andrew S. Bajer http://images.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=viewDetail&imageID=1021

Evolution Common Ancestry and Phylogeny Common Ancestry Phylogenetic trees

Be able to 1.17 Pose scientific questions about a group of organisms whose relatedness is described by a phylogenetic tree or cladogram in order to: identify shared characteristics make inferences about the evolutionary history of the group identify character data that could extend or improve the phylogenetic tree

Be able to 1.18 Evaluate evidence provided by a data set, phylogenetic tree or cladogram to determine evolutionary history and speciation. 1.19 Create a phylogenetic tree or simple cladogram that correctly represents evolutionary history and speciation from a provided data set.

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can represent traits In the context of evolution Model which traits are derived ex. 4 limbs in lizards, amphibians, birds, mammals lost ex. snakes’ legs

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can represent traits (cont.) Tuatara Lizards Snakes Crocodiles Bird Cladogram of relationships of extant Sauria What we call “lizards” includes multiple orders Tuatara are found only in New Zealand and represent a distinct lineage Image: Wikimedia: Benchill http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuatara_cladogram.svg

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation that has occurred A and B share a common ancestor The bottom of the chart points to a common ancestor for A through E A B C D E 1 2 3 4 Ans: D is more closely related to E Ans: A and B are equally related to C Image: Joshua Kaspar (CC-BY-SA) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ 💬 Is D more closely related to E or C? 💬 Is C more closely related to A or B?

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation (cont.) B C D E 1 2 3 4 A B C D E 1 2 3 4 Image: Joshua Kaspar (CC-BY-SA) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

They can be constructed from morphological similarities Image: "Cetacea-evolution" by Pakicetus_BW.jpg: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com)Ambulocetus_BW.jpg: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com)Kutchicetus_BW.jpg: Nobu TamuraProtocetus_BW.jpg: Nobu TamuraJanjucetus_BW_(mirrored).jpg: *Janjucetus_BW.jpg: Nobu Tamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com www.palaeocritti.comderivative work: Niusereset (talk)Squalodon_BW.jpg: Nobu Tamuraderivative work: Niusereset - This file was derived from:Pakicetus_BW.jpgAmbulocetus_BW.jpgKutchicetus_BW.jpgProtocetus_BW.jpgJanjucetus_BW_(mirrored).jpgSqualodon_BW.jpg. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cetacea-evolution.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Cetacea-evolution.jpg

They can be constructed from morphological similarities (cont) Image: "Horseevolution" by Original uploader was Mcy jerry at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by Obli at en.wikipedia. - Transferred from en.wikipedia. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horseevolution.png#mediaviewer/File:Horseevolution.png

or from DNA and protein sequence similarities Image: "MyosinUnrootedTree" by T. Hodge and M.J.T.V. Cope - [http://www.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/myosin/trees/trees.html T. Hodge and M.J.T.V. Cope (2000). "A Myosin Family Tree". Journal of Cell Science 113: 3353-3354.]. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 1.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg#mediaviewer/File:MyosinUnrootedTree.jpg

These models are dynamic; based on current and emerging knowledge. Ex. Scientists have agreed on the 3 domain system, but are researching and debating the number of kingdoms Image: Kingdom (biology). (2014, August 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 03:20, September 3, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_(biology)&oldid=620783208

These models are dynamic; based on current and emerging knowledge. As our knowledge changes, so does our “tree of life.” reflects our current understanding 💬 How is this like other scientific disciplines? Ans: All scientific disciplines use models to represent current understanding, which change with new discoveries Image: "Haeckel arbol bn". Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png#mediaviewer/File:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png Image: "Tree of life SVG" by Ivica Letunic: Iletunic. Retraced by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal: LadyofHats - The image was generated using iTOL: Interactive Tree Of Life, an online phylogenetic tree viewer and Tree Of Life resource. SVG retraced image from ITOL Tree of life.jpg[2]. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_SVG.svg#mediaviewer/File:Tree_of_life_SVG.svg 1866 2007