Radio Instrument (RI) Basics Created: 23 Jun 2016 Updated: 23 Jun 2016 T6BDriver.com

Objectives Be familiar with navigation instruments inclusion to instrument scan Have an understanding of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) parts and operational concepts Have an operational understanding of the Bearing Pointers Be familiar with radial intercept indications for both double-the-angle intercepts (DAI) and 45 degree intercepts Comprehend and be able to apply the “6-Ts”

Instrument Scan Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas:

Instrument Scan Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque)

Instrument Scan Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading)

Instrument Scan Glide Slope Indicator Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading) Navigation Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS) Localizer DME CDI Bearing Pointer

Instrument Scan Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading) Navigation Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS) I21XX block taught basic instrument scan utilizing control & performance instruments

Instrument Scan Control-Performance Concept of attitude instrument flying breaks instruments into 3 main areas: Control Instruments – provide an indication of attitude & power (pitch/bank/torque) Performance Instruments – provide an indication of aircrafts actual performance (altitude/airspeed/heading) Navigation Instruments – provides an indication of aircrafts position/orientation to navaids (CDI/bearing pointer/DME/ILS) I21XX block taught basic instrument scan utilizing control & performance instruments I22XX block incorporates navigation instruments into scan Do not stare at the nav instruments! Scan & read them like you would performance instruments

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) CDI

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of course to aircraft

Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of course to aircraft PFD Source Line Selection Key (LSK) Indicates the driving navigational source for the CDI Can be VOR/LOC, FMS, or Off (show no CDI)

CDI Navigational Source Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring

CDI Navigational Source Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) CDI Nav Source

CDI Navigational Source Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white) Tuned Freq DME

CDI Navigational Source Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white) CDI is displayed (in white) CDI

CDI Navigational Source Select VOR/LOC navigation as source is indicated by white coloring PFD Source indicates VOR or LOC (in white) Annunciators show tuned frequency & DME (in white) CDI is displayed (in white) Course Selection LSK appears at bottom (in white) Selected Course

CDI Navigational Source Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block)

CDI Navigational Source Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block) PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta) CDI Nav Source

CDI Navigational Source Select FMS navigation as source is indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block) PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta) Annunciators Desired Track (DTK) – as set by FMS Waypoint name (magenta) Along Track Distance (ATD) – distance between waypoints FMS phase of flight (ENR, TERM, & APR) – indicates CDI scale Desired Track Waypoint Name ATD FMS phase of flt

CDI Navigational Source Select FMS navigation as source as indicated by magenta coloring (more in the I32XX block) PFD Source indicates FMS (in magenta) Annunciators Desired Track (DTK) – as set by FMS Waypoint name (magenta) Along Track Distance (ATD) – distance between waypoints FMS phase of flight (ENR, TERM, & APR) – indicates CDI scale CDI is displayed (in magenta) CDI

CDI Components Head Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS Head

CDI Components Head Tail Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS Tail Tail

CDI Components Head Tail Deviation Bar & Scale Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft Indicates selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS Tail Deviation Bar & Scale Indicates lateral deviation from selected course or track Pictorial in nature Dots indicate scale – (VOR) 1 Dot = 5 radials / 2 Dots = 10 radials Deviation Bar Deviation Scale

CDI Components Head Tail Deviation Bar & Scale TO/FROM Arrow Oriented to compass rose for pictorial view to aircraft Indicated selected course when PFD Source is VOR/LOC Indicates desired track when PFD source is FMS Tail Deviation Bar & Scale Indicates lateral deviation from selected course or track Pictorial in nature Dots indicate scale – (VOR) 1 Dot = 5 radials / 2 Dots = 10 radials TO/FROM Arrow Indicates if the selected course takes the aircraft to or from the navaid TO/FROM Arrow

CDI Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first

Required Course to follow CDI Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first Determine what course to enter Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart Required Course to follow

CDI Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first Determine what course to enter Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display

Outbound Course is same as Radial CDI Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first Determine what course to enter Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display FROM a navaid – Course and radial are the same Outbound Course is same as Radial

Inbound Course is reciprocal of Radial CDI Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first Determine what course to enter Can be given by approach procedure or navigational chart Going TO or FROM a navaid makes a difference in your desired course you will enter for the CDI display FROM a navaid – Course and radial are the same TO a navaid – Course is reciprocal of radial “Inbound turn it around” 094 Inbound Course is reciprocal of Radial

CDI Operations Ways to compute reciprocal heading Add/subtract 180

CDI Operations Ways to compute reciprocal heading Reciprocal of radial 160? 1 6 0 +2 -2__ 3 4 0 Reciprocal or course is 340 Ways to compute reciprocal heading Add/subtract 180 +2/-2 method Reciprocal of radial 330? 3 3 0 -2 +2__ 1 5 0 Reciprocal or course is 150

CDI Operations Ways to compute reciprocal heading Add/subtract 180 +2/-2 method Enter radial into CRS and look at tail of CDI needle Reciprocal of 360 radial? Enter 360 in CRS Look at Tail Reciprocal is 180

CDI Operations Ways to compute reciprocal heading Add/subtract 180 +2/-2 method Enter radial into CRS and look at tail of CDI needle Use relevance to needle or benchmark Reciprocal of 020 radial? Radial is 20 deg to right Go 20 deg to left Reciprocal is 200

Enter desired course in W4 CDI Operations Enter the desired course Press LSK under CRS display UFCP keys W4 for data entry (note symbol in pic) Enter desired course Course LSK Enter desired course in W4

CDI Operations Enter the desired course Direction of turn Press LSK under CRS display UFCP keys W4 for data entry (note symbol in pic) Enter desired course Direction of turn Top-down view and pictorial Which way does the aircraft have to turn to get to the CDI bar?

CDI Operations Tracking/Corrections (no ground track pointer) CDI bar centered when exactly on selected course CDI bar deviates to indicate off course Wind is from direction of bar (from the right in picture) Pictorial direction of turn to get back on course (right) Fly heading that will re-intercept course and center CDI bar Need to be aware of how much correction is being used (7 deg to the right in picture) As CDI bar returns to center, take out half of the drift correction (bracket technique) Do not return to original heading (360) as you will go off course again Now holding 3 deg of right drift correction to stay on course (distance between heading & CDI)

CDI Operations Tracking/Corrections (with ground track pointer) CDI bar centered when exactly on selected course Note that Grnd Track Ptr shows wind corrected track is pushing aircraft to left of heading & course CDI bar deviates to indicate off course Wind is from direction of bar (from the right in picture) Pictorial direction of turn to get back on course (right) Fly heading that will re-intercept course and center CDI bar Turn to get both heading & Grnd Track Ptr to correct side of CDI As CDI bar returns to center, turn to place Grnd Track Ptr over CDI head (“light the candle”) Now holding 3 deg of right drift correction to stay on course (distance between Heading & Grnd Track Ptr)

Heading shows correction back to course CDI Operations Tracking/Corrections (with ground track pointer) Use caution when heavy winds are present causing large drift corrections Ensure both heading and ground track pointer indicate a correction back to course Possible to have a heading showing a correction while ground track pointer does not Heading shows correction back to course Ground Track Pointer shows insufficient correction to get back on course

CDI Operations Station Passage Main indication is TO/FROM flag flip Supporting indication when Bearing Pointer present - Pointer moves thru 3/9 O’Clock position Aircraft proceeding TO station Aircraft passed over and now proceeding FROM station

Bearing Pointers Part of the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) Top-Down view for pictorial presentation of station/waypoint from aircraft

Bearing Pointer Navigational Source Bearing Pointer Line Selection Key (LSK) Indicates the driving navigational source for the pointers Can be VOR, FMS, or OFF (show no needle) Source LSK Source LSK

Bearing Pointer Components Single needle with circle at head Always colored green Can select VOR, FMS, or OFF (no needle) Normal selection is VOR for standardization #1 Pointer Source LSK #1 Pointer Identifier & Info #1 Pointer Head #1 Pointer Tail

Bearing Pointer Components Single needle with circle at head Always colored green Can select VOR, FMS, or OFF (no needle) Normal selection is VOR for standardization #2 Bearing Pointer Double needle with diamond at head Always colored cyan (fancy word for light blue) Normal selection is FMS for standardization #2 Pointer Source LSK #2 Pointer Identifier & Info #2 Pointer Head #2 Pointer Tail

Bearing Pointer Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first

Bearing Pointer Operations Always T-I-M the desired navaid first Aircraft position is always on the tail of the needle at whatever distance the DME indicates Aircraft is on the Battle Ground VOR Radial 016

Bearing Pointer Operations Always points directly at the station or waypoint Aircraft heading does not matter Pictorial in nature on HSI

Bearing Pointer Operations Needle movement Consider movement relative to aircraft heading Head of needle always falls Tail of needle always rises “Heads will fall, Tails will rise” Head of needle will “fall” away from aircraft heading Tail of needle will “rise” toward aircraft heading

Bearing Pointer Operations Needle movement Consider movement relative to aircraft heading Head of needle always falls Tail of needle always rises “Heads will fall, Tails will rise” Desired course No CDI to indicate your desired course to track Use heading bug to set desired course (technique) Gives a pictorial representation of where needle should be Set hdg bug to desired track

Bearing Pointer Operations Corrections Turn direction indicated by “Tail – Radial – Turn” Do not use Course….must use Radial Example Outbound Note that Course and Radial are the same going outbound Go from Tail to Desired Radial = Turn direction

Bearing Pointer Operations Corrections Turn direction indicated by “Tail – Radial – Turn” Do not use Course….must use Radial Example Outbound Note that Course and Radial are the same going outbound Example Inbound Note that the desired Course is 180…which is the 360 Radial Have to look at bottom of HSI for correction direction Go from Tail to Desired Radial = Turn direction

Bearing Pointer Operations Corrections Turn direction indicated by “Tail – Radial – Turn” Do not use Course….must use Radial Example Outbound Note that Course and Radial are the same going outbound Example Inbound Note that the desired Course is 180…which is the 360 Radial Have to look at bottom of HSI for correction direction Station Passage Indicated when needle passes the 3 or 9 o’clock Needle remains below the 3/9 o’clock Need passes 3-9 line and remains in bottom half of HSI

Bearing Pointer Operations Tracking/Corrections Use heading bug to mark desired course (technique) Use tail-radial-turn to identify direction of correction Use understanding of needle movement to verify proper correction Identify winds by “Tail – Radial – Wind” Turn back to a heading that takes out half of the correction (bracket technique) Needle remains on desired course Turn to a correction heading to the right of the desired course Verify tail should “rise” back to desired course Want to maintain a desired course outbound of 190 Mark course with hdg bug Wind has blown aircraft off course Wind coming from right (Tail-Radial-Wind) Turn right to correct (Tail-Radial-Turn)

Intercept Angles Cover understanding about intercept angles & what look like…NOT procedures

Intercept Angles Cover understanding about intercept angles & what look like…NOT procedures Used to intercept desired course inbound, outbound, or over a station

Intercept Angles Cover understanding about intercept angles & what look like…NOT procedures Used to intercept desired course inbound, outbound, or over a station Two intercepts primarily used Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) – Correct using angle double the displacement from course (45 deg max) 45 Degree Intercept – Use a 45 degree angle to the desired course

Intercept Angles Cover understanding about intercept angles & what look like…NOT procedures Used to intercept desired course inbound, outbound, or over a station Two intercepts primarily used Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) – Correct using angle double the displacement from course ( 45 deg max) 45 Degree Intercept – Use a 45 degree angle to the desired course Corrections are always made FROM the desired course Could be CDI head Could be course marked with heading bug Do not correct from the bearing pointer!

Intercept Angles Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) Used when close to the station or when you don’t want a big correction that will overshoot course Set an intercept angle that is double the angle off the desired course (not to exceed 45 degrees of correction)

Intercept Angles Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) Used when close to the station or when you don’t want a big correction that will overshoot course Set an intercept angle that is double the angle off the desired course (not to exceed 45 degrees of correction) Determining and setting a DAI inbound 10 Deg off course 20 Deg from course Need a 20 deg correction back to course A DAI back to course is now set Note Bearing Pointer is only used to determine radials off Note correction is made from desired course, not the bearing pointer Note head of bearing pointer is between correction heading and desired course and will “fall” back to desired course

Intercept Angles Double the Angle Intercept (DAI) Used when close to the station or when you don’t want a big correction that will overshoot course Set an intercept angle that is double the angle off the desired course (not to exceed 45 degrees of correction) Determining and setting a DAI outbound 10 Deg off course 20 Deg from course Need a 20 deg correction back to course A DAI back to course is now set Note Bearing Pointer is only used to determine radials off Note correction is made from desired course, not the bearing pointer Note tail of bearing pointer is not between correction heading and desired course but will “rise” back to desired course

Intercept Angles 45 Degree Intercept Used when away from the station or when you can make a big correction without risk of overshooting Set an intercept angle that is at 45 degrees (use benchmarks)

Intercept Angles 45 Degree Intercept Used when away from the station or when you can make a big correction without risk of overshooting Set an intercept angle that is at 45 degrees (use benchmarks) Setting a 45 degree intercept inbound Off course 45 Deg from course Need a 45 deg correction back to course A 45 deg correction angle back to course is now set Note correction is made by placing the desired course at the 45 benchmark Note head of bearing pointer is between correction heading and desired course and will “fall” back to desired course

Intercept Angles 45 Degree Intercept Used when away from the station or when you can make a big correction without risk of overshooting Set an intercept angle that is at 45 degrees (use benchmarks) Setting a 45 degree intercept outbound Off course 45 Deg from course Need a 45 deg correction back to course A 45 deg correction angle back to course is now set Note correction is made by placing the desired course at the 45 benchmark Note head of bearing pointer is not between correction heading and desired course and will “rise” back to desired course

The Six Ts Used as a memory jogger to help accomplish required tasks at various points

The Six Ts Used as a memory jogger to help accomplish required tasks at various points Used at main instrument approach points (IAF & FAF) as well as intercepts & holding

The Six Ts Used as a memory jogger to help accomplish required tasks at various points Used at main instrument approach points (IAF & FAF) as well as intercepts & holding 6 Ts: Time Turn Transition Twist (twister-cept) Talk

The Six Ts Used as a memory jogger to help accomplish required tasks at various points Used at main instrument approach points (IAF & FAF) as well as intercepts & holding 6 Ts: Time Turn Transition Twist (twister-cept) Talk Know them cold and be able to run thru them!!

The Six Ts Time Note clock time (technique – call out the minutes….”18 after”) Start clock as required

The Six Ts Time Note clock time (technique – call out the minutes….”18 after”) Start clock as required Turn Turn to new course as required

The Six Ts Time Note clock time (technique – call out the minutes….”18 after”) Start clock as required Turn Turn to new course as required

The Six Ts Transition Begin altering airspeed, altitude, or configuration if required

The Six Ts Transition Twist (twister-cept) Begin altering airspeed, altitude, or configuration if required Twist (twister-cept) Set CDI to new course Set intercept to new course as required

The Six Ts Transition Twist (twister-cept) Talk Begin altering airspeed, altitude, or configuration if required Twist (twister-cept) Set CDI to new course Set intercept to new course as required Talk Report to ATC as required

Summary Be familiar with navigation instruments inclusion to instrument scan Have an understanding of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) parts and operational concepts Have an operational understanding of the Bearing Pointers Be familiar with radial intercept indications for both double-the-angle intercepts (DAI) and 45 degree intercepts Comprehend and be able to apply the “6-Ts”