Respiratory System Day 2 Boyle’s Law Day 3 External/Internal Respiration

Bell Work Complete respiratory diagram. Term to add/draw in: Epiglottis: flap that closes when food or water is swallowed. Covers opening of trachea.

Standard 10) Review the gross and cellular anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and explain the ventilation process. Develop an exercise program and a rehabilitation plan for a patient/client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and one who is training for a marathon, based on their respective respiratory needs. Compare and contrast these plans to justify the components included.

Objective By the end of class, students will be able to Identify major structures in the respiratory system Understand and apply Boyle’s Law with inspiration and exhalation

Flow of O2 through the body O2 Enters the body Nose or mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea

Flow of O2 through the body Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (O2 and CO2 Exchange) Circulatory System

Respiratory Cycle Figure 10.9

Key Numbers Atmospheric Pressure= 760 mmHg Breathing room air contains 21% oxygen Gas will flow from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower pressure; in other words, air flows in and out of the lungs down its pressure gradient.

Respiratory Physiology Pulmonary Ventilation = breathing Mechanism Movement of gases through a pressure gradient - hi to low. When atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) is greater than lung pressure ---- air flows in = inspiration. When lung pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure ---- air flows out = expiration.

Inhalation Contracting causes the diaphragm to flatten out, which increases the volume of the thoracic (This is why your belly pushes out when you breathe in—your abdominal organs have nowhere else to go but out when your diaphragm pushes down on them!) When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, its pressure decreases in a relationship known as Boyle’s Law.

Respiratory Physiology Pressure gradients are established by changes in thoracic cavity. increase size in thorax = a decrease in pressure --- air moves in. Decrease size in thorax = increase in pressure --- air moves out.

Exhalation When the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the chest cavity decreases, the pressure inside increases and air is pushed out of the lungs.

Inhalation Volume Pressure (negative) (757mm Hg) Air Molecules move in Pressure (returning to 760mmHg)

Exhalation Volume Pressure (positive) 763 mm Hg Air Molecules move out Pressure (returning to 760 mmHg)

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm

Boyle’s Law The pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship, when temperature is held constant. Inverse means opposite!

YOU TUBE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mykrnTh1tz8

Experiment 1 Materials: Small plastic cup, a small balloon, a regular size balloon, a straw and playdough Puncture a small slit in the bottom of the cup. Insert one piece of a straw cut in half to represent trachea. Half of the straw piece should be inside the cup, the other half outside the cup. Put the small balloon around the end of the straw in the cup and secure with a rubber band (this is the lung)

Experiment 1 continued 4. Put Play-dough around the slit where you inserted the straw, so no air can escape 5. Take the larger balloon and stretch it across the top of the cup to represent the diaphragm. 6.Gentle pull the diaphragm balloon and the lung balloon will inflate. Relax the diaphragm balloon and the lung balloon will deflate. This represents inspiration and expiration.

Respiratory System Day 3 External/Internal Respiration

Bell Work What is Boyles law and how is it applied to inhalation and exhalation? What is a pressure gradient What is normal atmospheric pressure? What is the percent of O2 in air?

Boyle’s Law The pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship, when temperature is held constant. Inverse means opposite!

Inhalation Volume Pressure (negative) (757mm Hg) Air Molecules move in Pressure (returning to 760mmHg)

Exhalation Volume Pressure (positive) 763 mm Hg Air Molecules move out Pressure (returning to 760 mmHg)

Key Numbers Atmospheric Pressure= 760 mmHg Breathing room air contains 21% oxygen Gas will flow from the region of higher pressure to the region of lower pressure; in other words, air flows in and out of the lungs down its pressure gradient.

Review http://study.com/academy/lesson/how-ventilation-muscles- cause-inspiration-and-expiration.html

What is the process of taking in air REVIEW Questions What is the process of taking in air

INSPIRATION

The common name for the trachea is _______ Windpipe

The flap or opening to the trachea is the Larynx Pharynx Epiglottis Vocal cords

During inspiration which of the following does not occur? Diaphragm contracts Intercostals relax Diaphragm flattens Size of thorax increases B

Which of the following activities is the best analogy of respiration? Exchanging gifts Giving a gift Receiving a gift Sitting in a chair A

Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of the… Alveoli Bronchioles Diaphragm Heart C

What is the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged?

ALVEOLI

Objectives By the end of class students will be able to: Understand and apply Internal Respiration External Respiration Cellular Respiration

Four Respiration Processes Breathing (ventilation): Oxygen in to and Carbon Dioxide out of the lungs External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood (what can be exposed to the outside of the body) Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues (what cannot be exposed to the outside of the body) Cellular respiration: oxygen used to produce ATP (energy), carbon dioxide is the waste product –

Key Terms Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Key Terms Diffusion: the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration This is also referred to as the movement of a substance down a concentration gradient.

Key Terms External respiration occurs in the alveoli of lungs where O2 diffuses into the blood CO2 diffuses into the alveolar air.  Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues O2 diffuses out of the blood carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells. Cellular respiration: the process by which organisms convert food into chemical energy (ATP), requires oxygen.

Internal/external respiration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EI8Oe8r9vH4

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli Figure 10.8A

External Respiration Oxygen movement into the blood The alveoli always has more oxygen than the blood Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen Slide 13.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

External Respiration Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor Slide 13.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Internal Respiration Exchange of gases between blood and body cells An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue Slide 13.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Transport in the Blood Oxygen transport in the blood Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2]) A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma Slide 13.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gas Transport in the Blood Carbon dioxide transport in the blood Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen Slide 13.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

What is ATP and ADP ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate, and is the energy used by an organism in its daily operations. It consists of an adenosine molecule and three inorganic phosphates. After a simple reaction breaking down ATP to ADP, Adenosine diphosphate,  the energy released from the breaking of a molecular bond is the energy we use to keep ourselves alive.

Cellular Respiration The energy released during cellular respiration is stored in form of ATP molecules, which are store houses of energy. ATP molecule is converted into ADP molecule, whenever energy is needed for any metabolic reaction or activity. The energy stored in it is released to be used in metabolic reaction. ATP and ADP molecules are thus rightly termed as “ currency of energy”.

Cellular respiration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjEydFYr9tI

Exit Ticket In quick terms, tell what external respiration involves In quick terms, tell what internal respiration involves In quick terms, tell what cellular respiration involves Tell me what you need more clarification on or do not understand.